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HUMB1000 > How Do Cells Do What They Do? > Flashcards

How Do Cells Do What They Do? Flashcards

1
Q

Types of cell diagrams

A

Schematic - shows cells being perfectly rounded with all organelles.
Microscopic - image of cell.

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2
Q

Functional characteristics of cells.

A

Metabolism, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction and inheritance.

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3
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Immediate outer surface of cell membrane.

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4
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues.

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5
Q

Preparation of tissue

A

Removal of tissue from body via biopsy or autopsy.
Fixation of tissue.
Embedding of tissue.
Slicing of tissue & mounting on slide.
Staining & viewing tissue.

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6
Q

Haematoxylin

A

Stains nuclei purple.

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7
Q

Eosin

A

Stains organelles and cytoplasm pink.

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8
Q

Primary tissues

A

Epithelial - covers
Connective - support
Muscle - movement
Nervous - control.

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9
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

Single layer of cells.

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10
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

More than one layer of cells with different shapes from the lowest to top layers. Basement layer tends to be cuboidal and free surface layer tends to be more squamous shaped.

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11
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

Looks like there is more than one layer but all cells sit on basement layer.

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12
Q

Epithelial Cell Layers

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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13
Q

Epithelial Cell Shapes

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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14
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

Thin, flat cells.

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15
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Cube-shaped so they appear quite square in most views. Usually have a large, round nuclei.

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16
Q

Columnar Epithelium

A

Tall cells with ovoid nuclei towards their bases.

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17
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Can change shape from columnar, to cuboidal, to squamous. Is able to change both shape & layers. Found only in bladder & ureters.

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18
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Single layer of flattened cells with sparse cytoplasm. For diffusion, filtration & some secretion.
Found in alveoli, kidney glomeruli, serous membranes of pleura, pericardium, peritoneum.

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19
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells. Some have villi or microvilli. Absorbs, secretes & aids in movement.
Found in intestines, stomach, fallopian tubes, lungs.

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20
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Resembles stratified squamous & stratified cuboidal cells depending on its state. Has a lot of nuclei but not a lot of extracellular material. Accommodates changes in fluid volume of organs.
Found in urinary bladder, ureter & upper part of urethra.

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21
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Ware-and-Tare Epithelium)

A

Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar & become progressively flatter (ie. squamous) towards the surface. Protects against abrasion & water loss.
Found in places of the body prone to damage such as sole of feet, palm, skin, vagina, oesophagus, anus.

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22
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Several layers of cube-shaped cells. Rare tissue that absorbs, secretes & protects.
Found in ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands & developing ovum.

23
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Several layers of column-shaped cells. Also rare tissue. Secretes & protects.
Located in ducts & mammary glands, larynx, parts of the male urethra.

24
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Single layer of column-shaped cells with differing heights, where some cells may not extend the full way to the surface. Nuclei are scattered & cells are ciliated. Also may have goblet cells which secrete mucus. Functions include secretion & movement.
Located in pharynx, trachea, male’s sperm carrying ducts.

25
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Most abundant & widely distributed primary tissue in the body. Connects & binds together, supports, strengthens, protects, insulates.
Found in all organs & parts of the body.

26
Q

Composition of Connective Tissue

A

Produce extracellular matrix.

27
Q

Cells of Connective Tissue

A

Adipose cells
Fibroblasts
Mast cells
WBCs
Macrophages

28
Q

Adipose cells

A

Energy source & cushioning.

29
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Secrete fibres & ground substance.

30
Q

Mast Cells

A

Aid in immunity.

31
Q

WBCs

A

Repair injury & fight infection.

32
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytes what remove foreign and injured cells/particles/bacteria.

33
Q

Ground Substance

A

Fills spaces between the cells of the connective tissue & the space where the fibres are suspended.

34
Q

Fibres of Connective Tissue

A

Collagen - strength (skin, muscle, bone, tendons, ligaments).
Elastic fibres - stretch (elastic arteries, larynx, vertebral ligaments).
Reticular fibres - support (small blood vessels, lymph nodes, arteries, uterus).

35
Q

Classes of CT

A

CT proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

36
Q

Loose CT Proper

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular.

37
Q

Dense CT Proper

A

Regular, irregular, elastic.

38
Q

Areolar CT

A

Loose packaging, support & binding to other tissues. Found throughout body & underneath skin epithelia.

39
Q

Adipose CT

A

Stores nutrients, insulation & shock absorber. Found in fat beneath skin, surrounding kidneys, breasts, abdomen & hips.

40
Q

Reticular CT

A

Forms framework to support free blood cells. Found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.

41
Q

Regular CT

A

Attachment. Found in tendons & most ligaments.

42
Q

Elastic CT

A

High recoil strength. Found in walls of arteries, ligaments between spinal vertebrate.

43
Q

Cartilage

A

Made of cartilage cells within a rigid matrix. Provides protection, flexibility, rigidity & capable of withstanding pressure.

44
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

45
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most abundant. Found in rib cage, trachea, articulating surfaces of bones & nose.

46
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Found in intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis.

47
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Found in ear & epiglottis.

48
Q

Bone

A

Supports & protects body structures.
Spongy bone found at ends of long bone, sternum, vertebrae & pelvis.
Compact one found in shaft of long bone & makes up outer portion of all bones.

49
Q

Types of Muscle

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

50
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Attached to skeletal muscles.
Regulates heart, metabolism, posture, breathing.

51
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Found only in heart wall. Involuntary control.
Heart wall consists of epicardium (visceral pericardium),myocardium, endocardium.

52
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Found in walls of hollow organs & tubes (stomach, bladder, intestine, uterus blood vessels).
Regulates size of organ/tube & helps move contents along. Under involuntary control.

53
Q

CNS

A

Brain, SC, nerves.
Nerves made of cell body, dendrites, axon.

HUMB1000 (13 decks)

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