How Do Cells Do What They Do? Flashcards
Types of cell diagrams
Schematic - shows cells being perfectly rounded with all organelles.
Microscopic - image of cell.
Functional characteristics of cells.
Metabolism, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction and inheritance.
Glycocalyx
Immediate outer surface of cell membrane.
Histology
Study of tissues.
Preparation of tissue
Removal of tissue from body via biopsy or autopsy.
Fixation of tissue.
Embedding of tissue.
Slicing of tissue & mounting on slide.
Staining & viewing tissue.
Haematoxylin
Stains nuclei purple.
Eosin
Stains organelles and cytoplasm pink.
Primary tissues
Epithelial - covers
Connective - support
Muscle - movement
Nervous - control.
Simple Epithelium
Single layer of cells.
Stratified Epithelium
More than one layer of cells with different shapes from the lowest to top layers. Basement layer tends to be cuboidal and free surface layer tends to be more squamous shaped.
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Looks like there is more than one layer but all cells sit on basement layer.
Epithelial Cell Layers
Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Epithelial Cell Shapes
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional
Squamous Epithelium
Thin, flat cells.
Cuboidal Epithelium
Cube-shaped so they appear quite square in most views. Usually have a large, round nuclei.
Columnar Epithelium
Tall cells with ovoid nuclei towards their bases.
Transitional Epithelium
Can change shape from columnar, to cuboidal, to squamous. Is able to change both shape & layers. Found only in bladder & ureters.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Single layer of flattened cells with sparse cytoplasm. For diffusion, filtration & some secretion.
Found in alveoli, kidney glomeruli, serous membranes of pleura, pericardium, peritoneum.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer of cube-shaped cells. Some have villi or microvilli. Absorbs, secretes & aids in movement.
Found in intestines, stomach, fallopian tubes, lungs.
Transitional Epithelium
Resembles stratified squamous & stratified cuboidal cells depending on its state. Has a lot of nuclei but not a lot of extracellular material. Accommodates changes in fluid volume of organs.
Found in urinary bladder, ureter & upper part of urethra.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Ware-and-Tare Epithelium)
Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar & become progressively flatter (ie. squamous) towards the surface. Protects against abrasion & water loss.
Found in places of the body prone to damage such as sole of feet, palm, skin, vagina, oesophagus, anus.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Several layers of cube-shaped cells. Rare tissue that absorbs, secretes & protects.
Found in ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands & developing ovum.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Several layers of column-shaped cells. Also rare tissue. Secretes & protects.
Located in ducts & mammary glands, larynx, parts of the male urethra.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Single layer of column-shaped cells with differing heights, where some cells may not extend the full way to the surface. Nuclei are scattered & cells are ciliated. Also may have goblet cells which secrete mucus. Functions include secretion & movement.
Located in pharynx, trachea, male’s sperm carrying ducts.
Connective Tissue
Most abundant & widely distributed primary tissue in the body. Connects & binds together, supports, strengthens, protects, insulates.
Found in all organs & parts of the body.
Composition of Connective Tissue
Produce extracellular matrix.
Cells of Connective Tissue
Adipose cells
Fibroblasts
Mast cells
WBCs
Macrophages
Adipose cells
Energy source & cushioning.
Fibroblasts
Secrete fibres & ground substance.
Mast Cells
Aid in immunity.
WBCs
Repair injury & fight infection.
Macrophages
Phagocytes what remove foreign and injured cells/particles/bacteria.
Ground Substance
Fills spaces between the cells of the connective tissue & the space where the fibres are suspended.
Fibres of Connective Tissue
Collagen - strength (skin, muscle, bone, tendons, ligaments).
Elastic fibres - stretch (elastic arteries, larynx, vertebral ligaments).
Reticular fibres - support (small blood vessels, lymph nodes, arteries, uterus).
Classes of CT
CT proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Loose CT Proper
Areolar, adipose, reticular.
Dense CT Proper
Regular, irregular, elastic.
Areolar CT
Loose packaging, support & binding to other tissues. Found throughout body & underneath skin epithelia.
Adipose CT
Stores nutrients, insulation & shock absorber. Found in fat beneath skin, surrounding kidneys, breasts, abdomen & hips.
Reticular CT
Forms framework to support free blood cells. Found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.
Regular CT
Attachment. Found in tendons & most ligaments.
Elastic CT
High recoil strength. Found in walls of arteries, ligaments between spinal vertebrate.
Cartilage
Made of cartilage cells within a rigid matrix. Provides protection, flexibility, rigidity & capable of withstanding pressure.
Types of Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
Hyaline Cartilage
Most abundant. Found in rib cage, trachea, articulating surfaces of bones & nose.
Fibrocartilage
Found in intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis.
Elastic Cartilage
Found in ear & epiglottis.
Bone
Supports & protects body structures.
Spongy bone found at ends of long bone, sternum, vertebrae & pelvis.
Compact one found in shaft of long bone & makes up outer portion of all bones.
Types of Muscle
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal Muscle
Attached to skeletal muscles.
Regulates heart, metabolism, posture, breathing.
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in heart wall. Involuntary control.
Heart wall consists of epicardium (visceral pericardium),myocardium, endocardium.
Smooth Muscle
Found in walls of hollow organs & tubes (stomach, bladder, intestine, uterus blood vessels).
Regulates size of organ/tube & helps move contents along. Under involuntary control.
CNS
Brain, SC, nerves.
Nerves made of cell body, dendrites, axon.
