Hormones Flashcards
Stimulate the growth and activity of other endocrine glands such as LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH
Tropic hormones
Act directly on peripheral tissue such as growth hormone and prolactin
Direct effectors
Hormones derived from cholesterol that are soluble in water with a carrier protein such as cortisol, testosterone, aldosterone, estrogen
Steroid hormones
Synthesized from amino acids such as thyroxine derivatives that are poorly soluble and require a specific transport protein such as epinephrine and norepinephrine and catecholamines
Amino acid derivatives
Three main chemical structures to hormones
Peptide / small proteins, steroid hormones, amino acid derivatives
Hormones carry a signal to a Target organ. Secreted by which gland
Endocrine glands
Control rate and type of growth
Morphogenesis
Main functions of hormones
Regulatory / maintain homeostasis
Morphogenesis / control rate and type of growth
What are the four steps to how hormones work
- Target cells have hormone receptors
- Hormones bind with these receptors and activate genes
- Transcription occurs with mRNA
- Synthesis of new proteins occur which alter cellular activity
Humoral stimulus
Capillary blood equals decrease calcium stimulates parathyroid gland
Neural stimulus
Pre ganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate Adrenal medulla cells to secrete catecholamines
Hormonal stimulus
Hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate anterior pituitary gland
Increased heart rate, increase blood pressure
Short term stress response
Increase blood sugar, suppression of immune system, increased blood pressure
Long term stress response
Increase in a hormone leads to decrease in another
Negative feedback
Increase of one hormone leads to increase in another
Pulsatility
What is regulated by the nervous system
Cyclicity
It’s a concentration between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland is broken what will happen
The hypothalamus could keep releasing hormones while the pituitary will not release any hormones
The releasing factors regulate the secretion of hormones from the pituitary
Hypothalamus Master gland controls the releasing factors
Secreted from the hypothalamus that act on pituitary gland to release Tropic hormones period examples crh, trh, GnRH, ghrh, PIH / prf
Releasing hormones
If there was a problem with the hypothalamus itself
There will be no releasing factors produced causing all hormones to reduce except for prolactin which will increase
If there was a problem with the pituitary gland or the Tropic hormone itself
There will be a decrease in the Target hormone and this will cause a decrease in function of Target organ itself
If there was a problem with the target gland or Target hormone
Hyperactivity / will increase production of Target hormone and decrease production of Tropic hormones and releasing factors
Hypo activity / will decrease production of Target hormone will increase production of Tropic hormones and releasing factors
LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH are all hormones of
Anterior pituitary gland
