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Clin Chem > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

A decreased osmolality shuts off what

A

ADH

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2
Q

An increased osmolality stimulates to responses that regulate water

A

Hypothalamus stimulates ADH and the posterior pituitary secretes ADH

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3
Q

What provides oncotic pressure

A

Albumin

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4
Q

What determines osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid

A

Sodium

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5
Q

What is the major cation of extracellular fluid outside cell

A

Sodium

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6
Q

The atpase pump pumps three sodium out and to potassium in to cell

A

3 Na out, 2 K in

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7
Q

In nephrotic syndrome and hepatic cirrhosis plasma proteins are

A

Decreased

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8
Q

Aldosterone deficiency, Addison’s disease, diabetes

A

Decreased sodium level

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9
Q

Excess water loss resulting in dehydration

A

Increased sodium levels

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10
Q

The major cation of intracellular fluid

A

Potassium

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11
Q

What is critically important to the functions of neuromuscular cell

A

Potassium

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12
Q

The kidneys regulate the balance of what

A

Potassium

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13
Q

Potassium is readily excreted but gets reabsorbed in the proximal tubule under the control of what

A

Aldosterone

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14
Q

Increased aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption, potassium is excreted in its place

A

Decreased potassium levels

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15
Q

Decreased magnesium levels can increase potassium loss

A

Decreased potassium levels

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16
Q

An increase in what leads to acidosis and renal disease

A

Increase potassium levels

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17
Q

What is the major anion of extracellular fluid

A

Chloride

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18
Q

Chloride moves passively with a sodium or against bicarbonate to maintain what charge

A

Neutral electrical charge

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19
Q

How is chloride regulated

A

In the kidney, chloride is reabsorbed in the renal proximal tubules along with sodium

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20
Q

Chronic respiratory acidosis and aldosterone deficiency

A

Decrease chloride levels

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21
Q

Metabolic acidosis, congestive heart failure, dehydration is caused by

A

Increase serum chloride

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22
Q

What is the major anion of intracellular fluid and the second most important and ion in extracellular fluid

A

Bicarbonate ion

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23
Q

What transports CO2 from the tissue to the lungs

A

Bicarbonate

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24
Q

What accounts for 90% of total plasma CO2

A

Bicarbonate

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25
Q

An increased renal secretion is alkalosis and a decreased renal excretion is acidosis

A

Bicarbonate is regulated by secretion and reabsorption of the renal tubules

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26
Q

Kenny regulation requires the enzyme

A

Carbonic anhydrase which is present in renal tubular cells and red blood cells

27
Q

What is the body’s major base substance that accepts a hydrogen ion

A

Bicarbonate ion

28
Q

CO2 transport forms what percents

A

65% bicarbonate, 27% carbaminohemoglobin, 8% dissolved plasma

29
Q

What is the fourth most abundant cation in body and second intracellularly

A

Magnesium

30
Q

53% found in bone and 46% found in muscle and other organs

A

Magnesium

31
Q

What regulation is related to calcium and sodium in that the parathyroid increases the renal reabsorption of magnesium and enhances reabsorption in the intestine

A

Magnesium

32
Q

Aldosterone and thyroxine increase

A

Renal excretion

33
Q

What is controlled largely by the kidneys

A

Magnesium

34
Q

A low blood calcium and low potassium is associated with

A

Magnesium deficiency

35
Q

An increased magnesium result in

A

Dehydration, Addison’s disease

36
Q

what is essential for myocardial contraction and is 99% in the body is part of bone

A

Calcium

37
Q

What three hormones regulate calcium

A

Pth, vitamin D, calcitonin

38
Q

Pth secretion is stimulated by a decrease in ionized calcium and is stopped by an increase in ionized calcium

A

Calcium

39
Q

What originates in the medullary cells of the thyroid gland and is secreted when calcium concentration in blood increases. Laura’s calcium by inhibiting the actions of both pth and vitamin D

A

Calcitonin

40
Q

Twitching of facial muscles in response to tapping over the facial nerve

A

Chvosteks - Tetany

41
Q

Carpopedal spasm induced by pressure applied to the arm by an inflated blood pressure cuff

A

Trousseau

42
Q

What maybe absorbs and intestine from dietary sources and released from cells into blood and lost from bone

A

Phosphate

43
Q

Lymphoblasts have four times the amount of what in them as mature lymphocytes

A

Phosphate

44
Q

The byproduct of an emergency mechanism that produces a small amount of ATP when oxygen is severely diminished

A

Lactate

45
Q

What is the byproduct of anaerobic metabolism

A

Lactate

46
Q

Uncontrolled diabetes and severe renal disorders

A

Increased anion gap

47
Q

What is measured by the difference in unmeasured anions and cations inBlood

A

Anion gap

48
Q

The difference between calculated and determined osmolality is the

A

Osmolar Gap

49
Q

Freezing point depression is the preferred method and vapor pressure depression dew point are determinations of

A

Osmolality

50
Q

Plasma or serum calcium is in three forms

A

45% free or ionized, 40% albumin, 15% and I am such as phosphate and citrate

51
Q

Free and complex calcium are diffusible while protein bound calcium is not only what calcium is physiologically active

A

Ionized

52
Q

When there is a decrease in ionized calcium what hormone helps bring calcium levels back to normal

A

Pth

53
Q

What hormone from the thyroid gland is the antagonist to pth that inhibits calcium loss from the bones and secretes it in high levels of calcium

A

Calcitonin

54
Q

If a specimen is left sitting in the open air the pH will rise as the CO2 diffuses out in what specimen

A

Chloride

55
Q

The parathyroid hormone does what to calcium and magnesium and then what to phosphorus

A

Increases calcium and magnesium and decreases phosphorus

56
Q

Aldosterone does what to magnesium and sodium

A

Decreases

57
Q

Vitamin D does what to calcium and phosphorus

A

Increases

58
Q

Calcitonin does what to calcium and phosphorus

A

Decreases

59
Q

During the chloride shift which anion replaces chlorine in the ECF

A

Bicarb

60
Q

Which hormone increases the retention of sodium from the kidneys

A

Aldosterone

61
Q

Which anion passively follows sodium

A

Chloride

62
Q

Which hormone increases calcium levels in Serum by activating bone resorption

A

PTH

63
Q

Most electrolytes are measured by which method

A

Ion selective electrode

64
Q

ADH is released in response to

A

Increased osmolality

Clin Chem (15 decks)

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