Electrolytes

Question 1

A decreased osmolality shuts off what

Answer 1

ADH

Question 2

An increased osmolality stimulates to responses that regulate water

Answer 2

Hypothalamus stimulates ADH and the posterior pituitary secretes ADH

Question 3

What provides oncotic pressure

Answer 3

Albumin

Question 4

What determines osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid

Answer 4

Sodium

Question 5

What is the major cation of extracellular fluid outside cell

Answer 5

Sodium

Question 6

The atpase pump pumps three sodium out and to potassium in to cell

Answer 6

3 Na out, 2 K in

Question 7

In nephrotic syndrome and hepatic cirrhosis plasma proteins are

Answer 7

Decreased

Question 8

Aldosterone deficiency, Addison’s disease, diabetes

Answer 8

Decreased sodium level

Question 9

Excess water loss resulting in dehydration

Answer 9

Increased sodium levels

Question 10

The major cation of intracellular fluid

Answer 10

Potassium

Question 11

What is critically important to the functions of neuromuscular cell

Answer 11

Potassium

Question 12

The kidneys regulate the balance of what

Answer 12

Potassium

Question 13

Potassium is readily excreted but gets reabsorbed in the proximal tubule under the control of what

Answer 13

Aldosterone

Question 14

Increased aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption, potassium is excreted in its place

Answer 14

Decreased potassium levels

Question 15

Decreased magnesium levels can increase potassium loss

Answer 15

Decreased potassium levels

Question 16

An increase in what leads to acidosis and renal disease

Answer 16

Increase potassium levels

Question 17

What is the major anion of extracellular fluid

Answer 17

Chloride

Question 18

Chloride moves passively with a sodium or against bicarbonate to maintain what charge

Answer 18

Neutral electrical charge

Question 19

How is chloride regulated

Answer 19

In the kidney, chloride is reabsorbed in the renal proximal tubules along with sodium

Question 20

Chronic respiratory acidosis and aldosterone deficiency

Answer 20

Decrease chloride levels

Question 21

Metabolic acidosis, congestive heart failure, dehydration is caused by

Answer 21

Increase serum chloride

Question 22

What is the major anion of intracellular fluid and the second most important and ion in extracellular fluid

Answer 22

Bicarbonate ion

Question 23

What transports CO2 from the tissue to the lungs

Answer 23

Bicarbonate

Question 24

What accounts for 90% of total plasma CO2

Answer 24

Bicarbonate

Question 25

An increased renal secretion is alkalosis and a decreased renal excretion is acidosis

Answer 25

Bicarbonate is regulated by secretion and reabsorption of the renal tubules

Question 26

Kenny regulation requires the enzyme

Answer 26

Carbonic anhydrase which is present in renal tubular cells and red blood cells

Question 27

What is the body's major base substance that accepts a hydrogen ion

Answer 27

Bicarbonate ion

Question 28

CO2 transport forms what percents

Answer 28

65% bicarbonate, 27% carbaminohemoglobin, 8% dissolved plasma

Question 29

What is the fourth most abundant cation in body and second intracellularly

Answer 29

Magnesium

Question 30

53% found in bone and 46% found in muscle and other organs

Answer 30

Magnesium

Question 31

What regulation is related to calcium and sodium in that the parathyroid increases the renal reabsorption of magnesium and enhances reabsorption in the intestine

Answer 31

Magnesium

Question 32

Aldosterone and thyroxine increase

Answer 32

Renal excretion

Question 33

What is controlled largely by the kidneys

Answer 33

Magnesium

Question 34

A low blood calcium and low potassium is associated with

Answer 34

Magnesium deficiency

Question 35

An increased magnesium result in

Answer 35

Dehydration, Addison's disease

Question 36

what is essential for myocardial contraction and is 99% in the body is part of bone

Answer 36

Calcium

Question 37

What three hormones regulate calcium

Answer 37

Pth, vitamin D, calcitonin

Question 38

Pth secretion is stimulated by a decrease in ionized calcium and is stopped by an increase in ionized calcium

Answer 38

Calcium

Question 39

What originates in the medullary cells of the thyroid gland and is secreted when calcium concentration in blood increases. Laura's calcium by inhibiting the actions of both pth and vitamin D

Answer 39

Calcitonin

Question 40

Twitching of facial muscles in response to tapping over the facial nerve

Answer 40

Chvosteks - Tetany

Question 41

Carpopedal spasm induced by pressure applied to the arm by an inflated blood pressure cuff

Answer 41

Trousseau

Question 42

What maybe absorbs and intestine from dietary sources and released from cells into blood and lost from bone

Answer 42

Phosphate

Question 43

Lymphoblasts have four times the amount of what in them as mature lymphocytes

Answer 43

Phosphate

Question 44

The byproduct of an emergency mechanism that produces a small amount of ATP when oxygen is severely diminished

Answer 44

Lactate

Question 45

What is the byproduct of anaerobic metabolism

Answer 45

Lactate

Question 46

Uncontrolled diabetes and severe renal disorders

Answer 46

Increased anion gap

Question 47

What is measured by the difference in unmeasured anions and cations inBlood

Answer 47

Anion gap

Question 48

The difference between calculated and determined osmolality is the

Answer 48

Osmolar Gap

Question 49

Freezing point depression is the preferred method and vapor pressure depression dew point are determinations of

Answer 49

Osmolality

Question 50

Plasma or serum calcium is in three forms

Answer 50

45% free or ionized, 40% albumin, 15% and I am such as phosphate and citrate

Question 51

Free and complex calcium are diffusible while protein bound calcium is not only what calcium is physiologically active

Answer 51

Ionized

Question 52

When there is a decrease in ionized calcium what hormone helps bring calcium levels back to normal

Answer 52

Pth

Question 53

What hormone from the thyroid gland is the antagonist to pth that inhibits calcium loss from the bones and secretes it in high levels of calcium

Answer 53

Calcitonin

Question 54

If a specimen is left sitting in the open air the pH will rise as the CO2 diffuses out in what specimen

Answer 54

Chloride

Question 55

The parathyroid hormone does what to calcium and magnesium and then what to phosphorus

Answer 55

Increases calcium and magnesium and decreases phosphorus

Question 56

Aldosterone does what to magnesium and sodium

Answer 56

Decreases

Question 57

Vitamin D does what to calcium and phosphorus

Answer 57

Increases

Question 58

Calcitonin does what to calcium and phosphorus

Answer 58

Decreases

Question 59

During the chloride shift which anion replaces chlorine in the ECF

Answer 59

Bicarb

Question 60

Which hormone increases the retention of sodium from the kidneys

Answer 60

Aldosterone

Question 61

Which anion passively follows sodium

Answer 61

Chloride

Question 62

Which hormone increases calcium levels in Serum by activating bone resorption

Answer 62

PTH

Question 63

Most electrolytes are measured by which method

Answer 63

Ion selective electrode

Question 64

ADH is released in response to

Answer 64

Increased osmolality