Adrenal Function

Question 1

What produces steroid hormones and neuropeptides

Answer 1

The adrenal gland

Question 2

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 2

G Zone, F zone, R Zone

Question 3

What synthesizes mineral corticoid critical for sodium retention, potassium, and acid-base hemostasis

Answer 3

G Zone salt

Question 4

What synthesizes glucocorticoids critical to blood glucose homeostasis and blood pressure

Answer 4

F Zone sugar

Question 5

DHEA, dheas and androstenedione Main gonadocorticoids are smaller amounts are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

Answer 5

R zone sex

Question 6

What are all derived by sequential enzymatic conversion of cholesterol

Answer 6

Adrenal steroids

Question 7

What can enter steroidogenic

Answer 7

Only free cholesterol

Question 8

What is the rate-limiting step in steroid synthesis

Answer 8

Conversion of cholesterol to prenenolone

Question 9

What is regulated by renin-angiotensin System. The G’zone outer zone of Cortex salt

Answer 9

Aldosterone

Question 10

What is seen in adrenal gland destruction, long-term Heparin therapy, on lateral adrenalectomy, Zone enzyme deficiencies

Answer 10

Insufficient aldosterone secretion hypoaldosteronism

Question 11

Cones syndrome, low running autonomics over secretion of aldosterone. Tropic hormone, High Target hormone

Answer 11

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Question 12

Occurs outside of the adrenal gland but mimics primary hyperaldosteronism. Increased Tropic hormone and increased Target hormone

Answer 12

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

Question 13

Variable renin and aldosterone levels. Renal tubular diseases causing urinary potassium loss by aldosterone independent mechanisms

Answer 13

Psuedoaldosteronism

Question 14

What are the three main criteria for diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 14

1. Plasma aldosterone greater than 25
2. Low plasma running that fails to increase with volume depletion
3. High aldosterone that fails to decrease with saline angiotension inhibition

Question 15

Glucocorticoids

Answer 15

Cortisol F Zone sugar. Hemodynamics and glucose hemostasis

Question 16

Addison’s disease. Low cortisol resulting from a primary adrenal disorder or secondary to ACTH deficiency

Answer 16

Addison’s disease adrenal insufficiency

Question 17

What is caused by excess glucocorticoid production or prolonged exogenous steroid use. Overproduction of crh, ACTH, adrenal glucocorticoids secretion, and exogenesis intake

Answer 17

Increased cortisol

Question 18

Moon face, buffalo hump, Target hormone is high, Tropic hormone is low

Answer 18

Cushing’s syndrome

Question 19

Target hormone is high, Tropic hormone is high

Answer 19

Cushing’s disease

Question 20

Caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland that causes the gland to produce too much ACTH.

Answer 20

Cushing’s disease

Question 21

Do two causes outside the body that increase the levels of cortisol, such as taking medications containing cortisol

Answer 21

Cushing syndrome

Question 22

ACTH dependent

Answer 22

High cortisol caused by elevated ACTH

Question 23

ACTH independent

Answer 23

High cortisol not due to increased ACTH

Question 24

What are produced as byproducts of cortisol synthesis that are regulated by ACTH. R zone sex

Answer 24

Androgens

Question 25

What secretes catecholamines directly into circulation in lieu of transmitting messages via efferent axons

Answer 25

Adrenal medulla

Question 26

What acts as first responder to stress within seconds to promote fight or flight response

Answer 26

Adrenal medulla

Question 27

All catecholamines are rapidly eliminated from Target cells and the circulation by three mechanisms

Answer 27

1. Reuptake into secretory vessels
2. Uptake in non-neuronal cells
3. Degradation

Question 28

What two enzymes produce metabolites from free catecholamines

Answer 28

COMT, MAO

Question 29

Autonomic dysfunction, panic attack, stress responses, drugs, foods containing tyramine are all causes of

Answer 29

Sympathetic hyperactivity