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BI 342 > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

A

Produced and released by adrenal medulla
targets cells: all body cells
Actions: sympathetic effects
Stimuli for release: neurogenic stimuli that promote sympathetic effects
inhibited by parasympathetic activities
*epi has slightly more impact on heart, norepinephrine has slightly more impact on blood vessels

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2
Q

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRH)

A

Produced and released by hypothalamus
target cells: cells in anterior pituitary that make ACTH
Actions: stimulates anterior pituitary to make and release ACTH
stimuli for release: daily biorhythms and mental or physical stressors
inhibited by negative feedback by corticosteroids or hypothalamus

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3
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Produced and released by anterior pituitary
target cells: cells of adrenal cortex
Actions: stimulates adrenal cortex to make and release corticosteroids
Stimuli for release: CRH
Inhibited by: decreased CRH, negative feedback from corticosteroids

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4
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Produced and released by hypothalamus
Target cells: cells in anterior pituitary that produce TSH
Actions: stimulates cells of anterior pituitary to make and release TSH
Stimuli for release: low blood thyroid hormone, cold, pregnancy, high sympathetic inputs
Inhibited by: negative feedback from thyroid hormone

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5
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Produced and released by cells of anterior pituitary
Target cells: cells of thyroid gland
Actions: stimulates thyroid gland to make and release TH
Stimuli for release: TRH
inhibited by: negative feedback by thyroid hormone on both anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

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6
Q

Thyroid Hormone (TH or T3, T4)

A

Produced and released by thyroid gland
Target cells: all body cells
Actions: baseline metabolic rate, increases body temperature and heart rate, increases activity of sodium potassium pumps, increases mitochondrial number and activity
Stimuli for release: TSH
Inhibited by: typical negative feedback

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7
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

Produced and released by hypothalamus
Target cells: cells of the anterior pituitary that make GH
Actions: stimulates anterior pituitary cells to make and release GH
Stimuli for release: pulsatile pattern, with increases associated with sleep, exercise, or protein (starvation?)
Inhibited by: typical negative feedback

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8
Q

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

A

Produced and released by the hypothalamus
Target cells: cells of anterior pituitary that make GH
Actions: inhibits the cells in the anterior pituitary that make and release GH
Stimuli for release: GH, IGFs
Inhibited by: stimuli that trigger GHRH

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9
Q

Growth hormone (GH, somatostatin)

A

Produced and released by cells of anterior pituitary
Target cells: all body cells, particularly musculoskeletal system
Actions: stimulates cells to take in protein for growth, promotes cells to use fatty acids for energy, stimulates liver to make IGFs
Stimuli for release: GHRH
inhibited by: GHIH

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10
Q

Insulin like growth factors (IGFs)

A

Produced and released by liver
Target cells: all body cells
Actions: stimulates cells (bone, muscle, cartilage) to uptake proteins for growth, promotes calls to use fatty acids for energy
Stimuli for release: GH
Inhibited by: typical negative feedback mechanism that limits GH

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11
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced and released by alpha cells of pancreas
Target cells: muscle, liver, fat
Actions: glycogen breakdown in muscle, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver, fat lysis
Stimuli for release: low blood sugar, high sympathetic inputs, high blood amino acids
Inhibited by typical negative feedback

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12
Q

Insulin

A

Produced and released by beta cells of pancreas
Target cells: all body cells except neural
Actions: stimulates cells to uptake glucose, stimulates liver and cells to make glycogen, stimulates glucose conversion to fat and fat storage, amino acid uptake and protein formation
Stimuli for release: high blood sugar, high parasympathetic inputs, high blood amino acids or fatty acids, any hyperglycemic agent
Inhibited by typical negative feedback

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13
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Produced and released by parathyroid glands
Target cells: bone, kidney cells, GI tract
Actions: stimulates osteoclasts to destroy bone and release Ca++ into blood, stimulates absorption of Ca++ into GI tract, inhibits Ca++ loss in urine
Stimuli for release: low blood Ca++
Inhibited by typical negative feedback

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14
Q

Calciton

A

Produced and released by thyroid gland
Target cells: bone, kidney, GI tract
Actions: stimulates osteoblasts to build bone which removes Ca++ from blood, inhibits absorption of Ca++ into GI tract, promotes calcium loss in urine
Stimuli for release: high blood calcium
Inhibited by typical negative feedback

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15
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone)

A

Produced and released by adrenal cortex
Target cells: liver, all body cells
Actions: gluconeogenesis in liver, protein destruction (to make amino acids available for gluconeogenesis), immune suppression, some fat lysis
Stimuli for release: ACTH
Inhibited by typical negative feedback

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16
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

Produced by hypothalamus
Released by posterior pituitary
Target cells: blood vessels, nephrons
Actions: blood vessel constriction, kidney retention of water
Stimuli for release: high blood salt (osmoreceptor in hypothalamus), low blood pressure

17
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced by hypothalamus
Released by posterior pituitary
Target cells: uterine cells, myoepithelial cells of mammary ducts
Actions: uterine contractions, milk ejection
Stimuli for release: uterine stretching, nipple stimulation

18
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Produced and released by hypothalamus
Target cells: cells of anterior pituitary that produce FSH and LH
actions: stimulates anterior pituitary to make FSH and LH
Stimuli for release: puberty, low sex hormones
Inhibited by: negative feedback by estrogen and testosterone, FSH, LH on hypothalamus

19
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Produced and released by anterior pituitary
Target cells: gonads (sustentacular cells, follicle cells)
Actions: stimulates ovaries and testes to make gametes, stimulates ovaries to make follicles and secrete estrogen
Stimuli for release: GnRH from hypothalamus, triggered by puberty
Inhibited by negative feedback by estrogen and testosterone on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

20
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Produced and released by anterior pituitary
Target cells: gonads (interstitial (Leydig) cells, follicle cells and eggs)
Actions: stimulates egg division, ovulation and secretion of estrogen and progesterone by ovaries, stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes
Stimuli for release: GnRH from hypothalamus triggered by puberty
Inhibited by negative feedback by estrogen and testosterone on anterior pituitary

21
Q

Testosterone

A

Produced an released by interstitial (Leydig) cells of testes
Target cells: all body cells, sustentacular cells
Actions: sperm formation, secondary sex characteristics, body growth, sex organ maintenance, libido, CNS health
Stimuli for release: LH
Inhibited bu typical negative feedback

22
Q

Estrogen

A

Produced and released by follicle cells of ovaries, placenta
Target cells: all body cells, uterus, ovaries
Actions: promotes ovulation by feedback on pituitary and hypothalamus, regulates uterine cycle, secondary sex characteristics
Stimuli for release: LH
Inhibited by typical negative feedback

23
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced and released by follicle cells of ovary (corpus luteum) and placenta
Target cells: uterus and breasts
Actions: regulates secretory phase of uterine cycle, pregnancy, development of milk production tissues
Stimuli for release: LH
Inhibited by typical negative feedback

24
Q

Inhibin

A

Produced and released by cells of ovaries and testes
Target cells: hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Actions: inhibit production of GnRH, FSH, LH
Released when high levels of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
Inhibited by typical negative feedback

25
Q

Prolactin

A

Produced and and released by anterior pituitary
Targets mammary gland cells
Actions: mitosis of mammary gland epithelia, induces mammary gland epithelia to make milk, may have a role in testosterone production in males
Stimuli for release: pregnancy, suckling, hypothyroidism, removal of PIH
Inhibited by: prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine) from hypothalamus, negative feedback

26
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

Peptides: prolactin, ADH, Oxytocin, PTH, Glucagon/insulin, GH/GHIH/GHRH/IGF, GNRH/FSH/LH/inhibin, TSH/TRH, calcitonin, CRH/ACTH
Catecholamines: epinephrine, NE

27
Q

Fat soluble hormones

A

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, androgen, TH (T3 and T4), glucocorticoids

BI 342 (11 decks)

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