Hoofdstuk 9

Question 1

Attention is

Answer 1

the process by which certain information is selected for further processing and other information discarded (=needed to avoid sensory overload)

Question 2

Inattentional Blindness

Answer 2

a failure to be aware of a visual stimulus because attention is directed away from it

Question 3

change blindness

Answer 3

failure to notivce the appearance/disappearance of objects between 2 alternating images

Question 4

Salient

Answer 4

any aspect of a stimulus that, for whatever reason, stands out from the rest

Question 5

The extent to which attention is driven by the environment

Answer 5

(our attention being grabbed, so called “Bottom-Up”, or our goals (our attention being sustained; Top-down) can vary according to the circumstances

Question 6

Visual acuity (discriminating fine detail)

Answer 6

is greatest at the point of fixation
- moving focus of attention = orienting

Orienting:
1) covert orienting = moving attention without eyes or head
2) overt orienting = moving eyes, head and attention)

Question 7

Inhibition of return

Answer 7

slower reaction time associated with going back to a previously attended location

Question 8

Exogenous Orienting

Answer 8

attention, externally guided by stimulus

Question 9

Endogenous orienting

Answer 9

attention, guided by goals of receiver

Question 10

Visual Search

Answer 10

is a good example of a mix of bottom-up processing (perceptual identification of objects and features) and top-down processing (holding in mind the target and endogenously driven orienting of attention)

Question 11

non-spatial attention mechanism

Answer 11

• object-based attention
• time-based/ temporal attentional processes

Question 12

Ventral Rout (WHAT pathway)

Answer 12

leading into temporal lobes, is concerned with identifying objects

Question 13

Dorsal Route (WHERE pathway)

Answer 13

leading into parietal lobes, is specialized for locating objects in space
(attention plays a big role)

Question 14

Lateral Intraparietal (LIP) Area

Answer 14

(Posterior Parietal Lobe) involved in attention, responds to external sensory stimuli (unexpected stimuli)

Question 15

Salience Map

Answer 15

spatial layout that emphasizes the most behaviourally relevant stimuli in the environment

in order to link sound and vision together on the same salience map, it requires the different senses to be spatially aligned or remapped

Question 16

FEF (Frontal Eye Fields)

Answer 16

part of frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary eye movementT

Question 17

TPJ Temporo Parietal Junction

Question 18

Hemispatial Neglect

Answer 18

failure to attend to stimuli on the opposite side of space to a brain legion

Question 19

Pseudo Neglect

Answer 19

Overattention to left without legions

Question 20

Right Hemisphere

Answer 20

important for attending to a salient stimulus

Question 21

Left Hemisphere

Answer 21

important for suppressing a non-salient stimulus (ignoring elephant in the room)

Question 22

Typical Pattern of brain activity has 2 main features

Answer 22

1) there is greater activity in regions involved in perception (e.g. ventral visual strem) when participants are aware of a stimulus rather than unaware

2) There is a spread of activity to distant brain regions (notably the frontoparietal network) in the aware state

Question 23

Phenomenal consciousness

Answer 23

raw feeling of a sensation, the content of awareness

Question 24

Access Consciousness

Answer 24

ability to report on the content of awareness

Question 25

Parietal lobes key role

Answer 25

as interface between regions involved in executive control

Question 26

Feature Integration Theory (FIT by Treisman)

Answer 26

How attention selects perceptual objects and binds the different features of those objects (colour and shape) into a reportable experience

According to FIT; perceptual features such as colour and shape are coded in parallel and prior to attention

FIT = early selection model of attention
- theory of attention in which information is selected according to perceptual attributes
- late selection theories = all incoming information is processed up to the level of meaning (Semantics) before being selected for further processing (e.g. engative priming)

Question 27

Illusory Conjunctions

Answer 27

situation in which visual features of two different objects are incorrectly perceived as being associated with a single object
- patients with parietal legions show high level of illusory conjunction errors

Question 28

Negative Priming

Answer 28

if an ignored object becomes the attended object, then participants are slower at processing it

Question 29

Biased Competition Model

Answer 29

ccounts for attentional effects at the single-neuron level: It predicts that the neuronal response to simultaneously-presented stimuli is a weighted average of the response to isolated stimuli, and that attention biases the weights in favor of the attended stimulus.

Question 30

Extinction

Answer 30

damage to parietal lobe
- in the context of attention, unawareness of a stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli

Question 31

Premotor Theory of Attention

Answer 31

Orienting of attention = preparation of motor actions

Question 32

Simultanagnosia

Answer 32

damage to the left + right parietal lobes - may notice only one object at a time (Balints Syndrome) + Optix Ataxia + OPtic Apraxia

Question 33

Egocentric Space

Answer 33

Reference frames centered on the body midline

Question 34

Allocentric Space

Answer 34

a map of space coding the locations of objects and places relative to eachother