Hoofdstuk 9 Flashcards
Attention is
the process by which certain information is selected for further processing and other information discarded (=needed to avoid sensory overload)
Inattentional Blindness
a failure to be aware of a visual stimulus because attention is directed away from it
change blindness
failure to notivce the appearance/disappearance of objects between 2 alternating images
Salient
any aspect of a stimulus that, for whatever reason, stands out from the rest
The extent to which attention is driven by the environment
(our attention being grabbed, so called “Bottom-Up”, or our goals (our attention being sustained; Top-down) can vary according to the circumstances
Visual acuity (discriminating fine detail)
is greatest at the point of fixation
- moving focus of attention = orienting
Orienting:
1) covert orienting = moving attention without eyes or head
2) overt orienting = moving eyes, head and attention)
Inhibition of return
slower reaction time associated with going back to a previously attended location
Exogenous Orienting
attention, externally guided by stimulus
Endogenous orienting
attention, guided by goals of receiver
Visual Search
is a good example of a mix of bottom-up processing (perceptual identification of objects and features) and top-down processing (holding in mind the target and endogenously driven orienting of attention)
non-spatial attention mechanism
- object-based attention
- time-based/ temporal attentional processes
Ventral Rout (WHAT pathway)
leading into temporal lobes, is concerned with identifying objects
Dorsal Route (WHERE pathway)
leading into parietal lobes, is specialized for locating objects in space
(attention plays a big role)
Lateral Intraparietal (LIP) Area
(Posterior Parietal Lobe) involved in attention, responds to external sensory stimuli (unexpected stimuli)
Salience Map
spatial layout that emphasizes the most behaviourally relevant stimuli in the environment
in order to link sound and vision together on the same salience map, it requires the different senses to be spatially aligned or remapped
FEF (Frontal Eye Fields)
part of frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary eye movementT
TPJ Temporo Parietal Junction
Hemispatial Neglect
failure to attend to stimuli on the opposite side of space to a brain legion
Pseudo Neglect
Overattention to left without legions
Right Hemisphere
important for attending to a salient stimulus
Left Hemisphere
important for suppressing a non-salient stimulus (ignoring elephant in the room)
Typical Pattern of brain activity has 2 main features
1) there is greater activity in regions involved in perception (e.g. ventral visual strem) when participants are aware of a stimulus rather than unaware
2) There is a spread of activity to distant brain regions (notably the frontoparietal network) in the aware state
Phenomenal consciousness
raw feeling of a sensation, the content of awareness
Access Consciousness
ability to report on the content of awareness
Parietal lobes key role
as interface between regions involved in executive control
Feature Integration Theory (FIT by Treisman)
How attention selects perceptual objects and binds the different features of those objects (colour and shape) into a reportable experience
According to FIT; perceptual features such as colour and shape are coded in parallel and prior to attention
FIT = early selection model of attention
- theory of attention in which information is selected according to perceptual attributes
- late selection theories = all incoming information is processed up to the level of meaning (Semantics) before being selected for further processing (e.g. engative priming)
Illusory Conjunctions
situation in which visual features of two different objects are incorrectly perceived as being associated with a single object
- patients with parietal legions show high level of illusory conjunction errors
Negative Priming
if an ignored object becomes the attended object, then participants are slower at processing it
Biased Competition Model
ccounts for attentional effects at the single-neuron level: It predicts that the neuronal response to simultaneously-presented stimuli is a weighted average of the response to isolated stimuli, and that attention biases the weights in favor of the attended stimulus.
Extinction
damage to parietal lobe
- in the context of attention, unawareness of a stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli
Premotor Theory of Attention
Orienting of attention = preparation of motor actions
Simultanagnosia
damage to the left + right parietal lobes - may notice only one object at a time (Balints Syndrome) + Optix Ataxia + OPtic Apraxia
Egocentric Space
Reference frames centered on the body midline
Allocentric Space
a map of space coding the locations of objects and places relative to eachother
