Hoofdstuk 11

Question 1

Baddeley + Hitch

Answer 1

1) phonological loop
2) visuo-spatial Sketchpad
3) central executive
- episodic buffer

Question 2

Miller

Answer 2

Humans have a span of between 5-9 items (meaningful chunks of information)
- capacity limitation is an intrinsic property of shortterm stores
* visual regions are functionally connected to frontal and parietal regions during the STM Delay Period

Question 3

(long-term) Declarative Memory:

Answer 3

1) explicit, consciously accessible

Question 4

Non-Declarative Memory:

Answer 4

2) implicit, not consciously accesible

Question 5

Procedural Memory

Answer 5

for skills like riding a bike
- not consciously accesssible (for verbal report)
- basal ganglia important

Question 6

Semantic Memory

Answer 6

conceptually based knowledge about the world, incl. of people, places, meaning of objects and words

Question 7

Episodic Memory

Answer 7

specific events in one’s own life

Question 8

Anterograde memory Impairment

Answer 8

problem learning new info

Question 9

Retrograde Memory Impairment

Answer 9

remembering info prior to brain damage

Question 10

Semantic memory is

Answer 10

less vulnerable than episodic memory, because semantic memorie scan be learned through repetition and multiple events

Question 11

Amnesic Patients

Answer 11

• impaired episodic memory (retrograde/anterograde)
• spared shortterm memory, procedural memory and perceptual priming (implicit memory)

Question 12

Consolidation

Answer 12

the process by which moment-to-moment changes in brain activity are translated into permanent structural changes in the brain

2 types of consolidation
1) Fast synaptic consolidation = may occur anywhere in the nervous system and baseed on LTP

2) Slower System Consolidation = may be related particularly to the hippocampus and declarative memory

Question 13

Consolidation Theory

Answer 13

LTP (Long-Temr Potentiation) = an increase in the long-term responsiveness of a postsynaptic neuron in response to stimulation of a presynaptic neuron

Question 14

Ribot’s Law

Answer 14

Early memories preserved in amnesia (less dependent on hippocampus)

Question 15

Catastrophic Interference

Answer 15

adding new memory to neocortex straight away, distorts old memories

Question 16

Entorhinal Cortex

Answer 16

is the major input and output portal between the hippocampus and the neocortex
* supports acquisition of semantic memory

Question 17

Multiple-Trace Theory (trace transformation theory)

Answer 17

• Hippocampus involved in some permanent aspects of memory storage (in tegenstelling tot consolidation theory)
• when event is remembered in great detail, its always relying on hippocampus
• contextualized, episodic memories, not schematic/semantic memories

Model assumes that schematic memories depend on regions such as the neocortex (supporting most semantic memories), but could also include procedural learning (based on basal ganglia)

hippocampus-dependent memories may be transformed rather than merely transferred

Question 18

Cognitive Map Theory

Answer 18

Place cells - neurons that respond when an animal is in a particular location in allocentric space (normally found in hippocampus)

Question 19

Right Hippocampus = spatial memory

Answer 19

Left hippocampus = remembering and restoring other contextual details

Hippocampus = system consolidation

Question 20

Recollection

Answer 20

mental time travel, in which contextual detail is placed in a personal past

Question 21

Levels-of-processing account

Answer 21

information that is processed semantically is more likeley to be rremembered than information that is processed preceptually

Question 22

Encoding specificity Hypothesis

Answer 22

events are easier to remember when the context at retrieval is similar to the context at encoding

Question 23

Amnesia

Answer 23

damage to medial temporal lobes
* selective impairment declarative memory, implicit memory intact. Semantic + episodic memory impaired

• deficit in consolidation (forming new connections) and produces difficulties in acquiring new declarative memories (anterograde impairment) and retrieving old memories that were not fully consolidated at time of injury (retrograde impairment)

HIppocampus has a time-limited role in consolidation that gives rise to a temporal gradient when damaged (remote memories are spared more than recent ones)

Question 24

Recognition Memory

Answer 24

1) recollection (context-dependent)
2) Familiarity (context-independent)

Question 25

Lateral Frontal Lobes have an important role in:

Answer 25

1) maintaining info in working memory
2) selecting info in the environment to focus on (important for encoding)
3) providing cues and strategies to enable memory retrieval
4) evaluating the content of memories (as in “source monitoring”)

Question 26

Retrieval-induced forgetting

Answer 26

retrieval of a memory causes active inhibition of similar competing memories

Question 27

Direct Forgetting

Answer 27

forgetting arising because of a deliberate intention to forget

Question 28

Constructive Memory Approach

Answer 28

the act of rremembering construed in terms of making inferences about the past based on what is currently known and accessible

Question 29

False Memory

Answer 29

either partly or wholly accurate, but accepted as a real memory by the person

Question 30

Fletcher & Henson: role of prefrontal cortex in long-term memory

Answer 30

“working with memory”

Question 31

VentroLateral PFC

Answer 31

Long Term Memory Encoding

Question 32

Dorsolateral PFC

Answer 32

manipualting (ordering) information in working memory

Question 33

Source Monitoring

Answer 33

the process by which retrieved memories are attributed to their original context

Question 34

Confabulation

Answer 34

a memory that is false and sometimes self-contradictory without an intention to lie