Hoofdstuk 11 Flashcards
Baddeley + Hitch
1) phonological loop
2) visuo-spatial Sketchpad
3) central executive
- episodic buffer
Miller
Humans have a span of between 5-9 items (meaningful chunks of information)
- capacity limitation is an intrinsic property of shortterm stores
* visual regions are functionally connected to frontal and parietal regions during the STM Delay Period
(long-term) Declarative Memory:
1) explicit, consciously accessible
Non-Declarative Memory:
2) implicit, not consciously accesible
Procedural Memory
for skills like riding a bike
- not consciously accesssible (for verbal report)
- basal ganglia important
Semantic Memory
conceptually based knowledge about the world, incl. of people, places, meaning of objects and words
Episodic Memory
specific events in one’s own life
Anterograde memory Impairment
problem learning new info
Retrograde Memory Impairment
remembering info prior to brain damage
Semantic memory is
less vulnerable than episodic memory, because semantic memorie scan be learned through repetition and multiple events
Amnesic Patients
- impaired episodic memory (retrograde/anterograde)
- spared shortterm memory, procedural memory and perceptual priming (implicit memory)
Consolidation
the process by which moment-to-moment changes in brain activity are translated into permanent structural changes in the brain
2 types of consolidation
1) Fast synaptic consolidation = may occur anywhere in the nervous system and baseed on LTP
2) Slower System Consolidation = may be related particularly to the hippocampus and declarative memory
Consolidation Theory
LTP (Long-Temr Potentiation) = an increase in the long-term responsiveness of a postsynaptic neuron in response to stimulation of a presynaptic neuron
Ribot’s Law
Early memories preserved in amnesia (less dependent on hippocampus)
Catastrophic Interference
adding new memory to neocortex straight away, distorts old memories
Entorhinal Cortex
is the major input and output portal between the hippocampus and the neocortex
* supports acquisition of semantic memory
Multiple-Trace Theory (trace transformation theory)
- Hippocampus involved in some permanent aspects of memory storage (in tegenstelling tot consolidation theory)
- when event is remembered in great detail, its always relying on hippocampus
- contextualized, episodic memories, not schematic/semantic memories
Model assumes that schematic memories depend on regions such as the neocortex (supporting most semantic memories), but could also include procedural learning (based on basal ganglia)
hippocampus-dependent memories may be transformed rather than merely transferred
Cognitive Map Theory
Place cells - neurons that respond when an animal is in a particular location in allocentric space (normally found in hippocampus)
Right Hippocampus = spatial memory
Left hippocampus = remembering and restoring other contextual details
Hippocampus = system consolidation
Recollection
mental time travel, in which contextual detail is placed in a personal past
Levels-of-processing account
information that is processed semantically is more likeley to be rremembered than information that is processed preceptually
Encoding specificity Hypothesis
events are easier to remember when the context at retrieval is similar to the context at encoding
Amnesia
damage to medial temporal lobes
* selective impairment declarative memory, implicit memory intact. Semantic + episodic memory impaired
- deficit in consolidation (forming new connections) and produces difficulties in acquiring new declarative memories (anterograde impairment) and retrieving old memories that were not fully consolidated at time of injury (retrograde impairment)
HIppocampus has a time-limited role in consolidation that gives rise to a temporal gradient when damaged (remote memories are spared more than recent ones)
Recognition Memory
1) recollection (context-dependent)
2) Familiarity (context-independent)
Lateral Frontal Lobes have an important role in:
1) maintaining info in working memory
2) selecting info in the environment to focus on (important for encoding)
3) providing cues and strategies to enable memory retrieval
4) evaluating the content of memories (as in “source monitoring”)
Retrieval-induced forgetting
retrieval of a memory causes active inhibition of similar competing memories
Direct Forgetting
forgetting arising because of a deliberate intention to forget
Constructive Memory Approach
the act of rremembering construed in terms of making inferences about the past based on what is currently known and accessible
False Memory
either partly or wholly accurate, but accepted as a real memory by the person
Fletcher & Henson: role of prefrontal cortex in long-term memory
“working with memory”
VentroLateral PFC
Long Term Memory Encoding
Dorsolateral PFC
manipualting (ordering) information in working memory
Source Monitoring
the process by which retrieved memories are attributed to their original context
Confabulation
a memory that is false and sometimes self-contradictory without an intention to lie
