Hoofdstuk 6

Question 1

Neuroconstructivism

Answer 1

a process of interaction between environment and brain-based constraints that leads to the mature cognitive system emerging out of transformations of earlier ones (but does not assume district stages)

Question 2

Gottlieb: PREDETERMINED Development

Answer 2

genes dictate the structure of the brain, which enables the particular functions of the brain, which determine the kind of experiences we have

Question 3

PROBABLISTIC Development

Answer 3

in which brain structure, and even the expression of genes can be influenced by experience as well as vice versa.
- also the effect of genes on the brain structure are themselves probablistic, such as that they specify approx. how many neurons will grow and where to grow them but not exactly

Question 4

Neural Tube

Answer 4

the embryo’s precursor to the central nervous system (set of cells in hollow tube)

Question 5

neuroblasts

Answer 5

stemcells for neurons

Question 6

Radial Glial Cells

Answer 6

support cells that guide neurons from the neural tube to their final destination (like a rope)

Question 7

“Hebbian Learning”

Answer 7

what wires together, fires together

Question 8

Kennard Principle

Answer 8

the earlier the brian damage, the better the functional outcome

Question 9

a critical period

Answer 9

has two defining features
1) learning can only take place within a limited time window
2) the learning is hard to reverse in the face of later experience

• sensitive period (extension/alteration of period/ learning)

Question 10

Empiricism

Answer 10

newborn mind is a blank slate

Question 11

nativism

Answer 11

at least some forms of knowledge are innate

Question 12

instinct

Answer 12

a behaviour that is a product of natural selection

Question 13

Prepared Learning

Answer 13

the theory that common phobias are biologically determined from evolution

Question 14

Behavioural Genetics

Answer 14

Studying the inheritance of behaviour and cognition

Question 15

Allele

Answer 15

different versions of the same gene

Question 16

MZ twins (identiek

Answer 16

DZ twins

Question 17

Heritability

Answer 17

the portion of variance in a trait, in a given population, that can be accounted for by genetic differences among individuals (shared/unshared environment)

• een bepaald kenmerk is voor 60% erfelijk = 60% van de VARIATIE van dit kenmerk binnen een populatie wordt veroorzaakt door genetische verschillen

Question 18

2 types of approaches for analysis of genetic differences

Answer 18

1) genotype-first (alleles)
2) phenotype-first

Question 19

Nature of the interatction between nature/nurture

Answer 19

1) epigenetics
2) gene-environment correlations
3) gene-environment interactions

Question 20

Epigenetics

Answer 20

in epigenetic marking the genes are not changed but get tagged with a chemical marker that damens (e.g. a methylgroup) or accentuates (e.g. acetylgroup) their expression - has to be explored in vitro

Question 21

Gene-environment correlations rGE

Answer 21

are genetic influences on people’s exposure to different environments
1) evocative process (b.v. childs negative behaviour leads to harsher parenting style)
2) passive correlation (both childs negative behavriour and negative parenting style are transmitted genetically

Question 22

Gene-environment interactions (GxE)

Answer 22

occur when susceptibility to a trait depends on a particular combination of a gene and environment

Question 23

Orofacial Dyspraxia

Answer 23

unable to perform the coordinated movements that are required for speech

Question 24

Transcription Factor

Answer 24

a gene product that affects the function of other genes