Hoofdstuk 6 Flashcards
Neuroconstructivism
a process of interaction between environment and brain-based constraints that leads to the mature cognitive system emerging out of transformations of earlier ones (but does not assume district stages)
Gottlieb: PREDETERMINED Development
genes dictate the structure of the brain, which enables the particular functions of the brain, which determine the kind of experiences we have
PROBABLISTIC Development
in which brain structure, and even the expression of genes can be influenced by experience as well as vice versa.
- also the effect of genes on the brain structure are themselves probablistic, such as that they specify approx. how many neurons will grow and where to grow them but not exactly
Neural Tube
the embryo’s precursor to the central nervous system (set of cells in hollow tube)
neuroblasts
stemcells for neurons
Radial Glial Cells
support cells that guide neurons from the neural tube to their final destination (like a rope)
“Hebbian Learning”
what wires together, fires together
Kennard Principle
the earlier the brian damage, the better the functional outcome
a critical period
has two defining features
1) learning can only take place within a limited time window
2) the learning is hard to reverse in the face of later experience
- sensitive period (extension/alteration of period/ learning)
Empiricism
newborn mind is a blank slate
nativism
at least some forms of knowledge are innate
instinct
a behaviour that is a product of natural selection
Prepared Learning
the theory that common phobias are biologically determined from evolution
Behavioural Genetics
Studying the inheritance of behaviour and cognition
Allele
different versions of the same gene
MZ twins (identiek
DZ twins
Heritability
the portion of variance in a trait, in a given population, that can be accounted for by genetic differences among individuals (shared/unshared environment)
- een bepaald kenmerk is voor 60% erfelijk = 60% van de VARIATIE van dit kenmerk binnen een populatie wordt veroorzaakt door genetische verschillen
2 types of approaches for analysis of genetic differences
1) genotype-first (alleles)
2) phenotype-first
Nature of the interatction between nature/nurture
1) epigenetics
2) gene-environment correlations
3) gene-environment interactions
Epigenetics
in epigenetic marking the genes are not changed but get tagged with a chemical marker that damens (e.g. a methylgroup) or accentuates (e.g. acetylgroup) their expression - has to be explored in vitro
Gene-environment correlations rGE
are genetic influences on people’s exposure to different environments
1) evocative process (b.v. childs negative behaviour leads to harsher parenting style)
2) passive correlation (both childs negative behavriour and negative parenting style are transmitted genetically
Gene-environment interactions (GxE)
occur when susceptibility to a trait depends on a particular combination of a gene and environment
Orofacial Dyspraxia
unable to perform the coordinated movements that are required for speech
Transcription Factor
a gene product that affects the function of other genes
