Hoofdstuk 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroconstructivism

A

a process of interaction between environment and brain-based constraints that leads to the mature cognitive system emerging out of transformations of earlier ones (but does not assume district stages)

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2
Q

Gottlieb: PREDETERMINED Development

A

genes dictate the structure of the brain, which enables the particular functions of the brain, which determine the kind of experiences we have

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3
Q

PROBABLISTIC Development

A

in which brain structure, and even the expression of genes can be influenced by experience as well as vice versa.
- also the effect of genes on the brain structure are themselves probablistic, such as that they specify approx. how many neurons will grow and where to grow them but not exactly

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4
Q

Neural Tube

A

the embryo’s precursor to the central nervous system (set of cells in hollow tube)

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5
Q

neuroblasts

A

stemcells for neurons

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6
Q

Radial Glial Cells

A

support cells that guide neurons from the neural tube to their final destination (like a rope)

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7
Q

“Hebbian Learning”

A

what wires together, fires together

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8
Q

Kennard Principle

A

the earlier the brian damage, the better the functional outcome

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9
Q

a critical period

A

has two defining features
1) learning can only take place within a limited time window
2) the learning is hard to reverse in the face of later experience

  • sensitive period (extension/alteration of period/ learning)
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10
Q

Empiricism

A

newborn mind is a blank slate

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11
Q

nativism

A

at least some forms of knowledge are innate

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12
Q

instinct

A

a behaviour that is a product of natural selection

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13
Q

Prepared Learning

A

the theory that common phobias are biologically determined from evolution

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14
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

Studying the inheritance of behaviour and cognition

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15
Q

Allele

A

different versions of the same gene

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16
Q

MZ twins (identiek

A

DZ twins

17
Q

Heritability

A

the portion of variance in a trait, in a given population, that can be accounted for by genetic differences among individuals (shared/unshared environment)

  • een bepaald kenmerk is voor 60% erfelijk = 60% van de VARIATIE van dit kenmerk binnen een populatie wordt veroorzaakt door genetische verschillen
18
Q

2 types of approaches for analysis of genetic differences

A

1) genotype-first (alleles)
2) phenotype-first

19
Q

Nature of the interatction between nature/nurture

A

1) epigenetics
2) gene-environment correlations
3) gene-environment interactions

20
Q

Epigenetics

A

in epigenetic marking the genes are not changed but get tagged with a chemical marker that damens (e.g. a methylgroup) or accentuates (e.g. acetylgroup) their expression - has to be explored in vitro

21
Q

Gene-environment correlations rGE

A

are genetic influences on people’s exposure to different environments
1) evocative process (b.v. childs negative behaviour leads to harsher parenting style)
2) passive correlation (both childs negative behavriour and negative parenting style are transmitted genetically

22
Q

Gene-environment interactions (GxE)

A

occur when susceptibility to a trait depends on a particular combination of a gene and environment

23
Q

Orofacial Dyspraxia

A

unable to perform the coordinated movements that are required for speech

24
Q

Transcription Factor

A

a gene product that affects the function of other genes