Hoofdstuk 2

Question 1

Neurons - 3 components

Answer 1

1) cell body (soma)
2) dendrites
3) axon

Question 2

Cell body

Answer 2

contains nucleus and other organelles

Question 3

dendrites

Answer 3

branching structures that carry information from other neuronsa

Question 4

axon

Answer 4

branching structure that carries info TO other neurons and transmits action potential

Question 5

nucleus

Answer 5

genetic code and this is involved in protein synthesis
- proteins can act as transmitters and receptors in neurons

Question 6

neuron

Answer 6

many dendrites, 1 axon (maar axon kan vertakken; collaterals)

Question 7

synapse

Answer 7

ruimte tussen neuronen waar neurotransmitter wordt geschoten

Question 8

action potential

Answer 8

sudden change (depolarization and repolarization( iin electrical properties of the neuron membrane in an axon (snelheid/synchronie van schieten = informatie)

Question 9

IONS: Na+ (charged Sodium) K+ (Potassium)

Answer 9

Resting potential -70mV

Question 10

Myelin deposited around the axon of some cells (especiallly 9ones that carry moror signals)

Answer 10

nodes of Ranvier points of axon where no myelin is present

Question 11

Glutamate and GABA are the workhorse neurotransmitters

Answer 11

it’s not the chemicals themselves that make them excitatory or inhibitory, rather it is the effecct that they have on ion channels in the membrane, which either pump positive or negative ions, thus making an action potential more or less likely

Question 12

common neurotransmitters

Answer 12

serotonin
dopamine
noradrenaline
acetylcholine (all modulatory functions- Gaba en Glutamate door het hele brein)

Question 13

Spiking rate

Answer 13

Rate of responding (action potentials)

Question 14

Brain:

Answer 14

1) Grey Matter (consisting primarily of neuronal cell bodies)
2) white matter (tissue of the nervous system consisting primarily of axons and support cells)
3) Glia (support cells of the nervous system involved in tissue repair and in the formation of myelin, among other functions

Question 15

Centre of the brain, below white matter is another collection of grey matter structures: Subcortex

Answer 15

Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon

Question 16

3 different kinds of white matter tract

Answer 16

1) association tract (cortical within hemisphere)
2) commisure (cortical between hemisphere)
3) Projection tract (cortical to subcortical)

Question 17

4 ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 17

most imporant commisure = corpus callosum = white matter tract that connects the hemispheres

Question 18

Coronal Cross section

Answer 18

slice in the vertical plane through both hemispheres

Question 19

Sagital

Answer 19

vertical, but only 1 hemisphere (midline, medial section)

Question 20

axial

Answer 20

horizontal

Question 21

Gyrus (Gyri meervoud)

Answer 21

the raised folds of the cortex

Question 22

Sulcus (Sulci meervoud))

Answer 22

the buried grooves of the cortex

Question 23

Most of the cortex contains 6 main cortical layers: the neocortex

Answer 23

other cortical regions are mesocortex (incl cingulate gyrus and insula)
allocortex (primary olfactory cortex and hippocampus)

Question 24

4 Lobes:

Answer 24

Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital

Question 25

4 different waysin which regions of the cerebral cortex may be divided

Answer 25

11) by pattern of Gyri and Sulci
2) by cytoarchitecture (brodmann’s areas) = defined by the relative distribution of cell types across cortical layers. 52 areas.
3) by function (motor/primary sensory)
4) divided by connectivity

Question 26

Basal Ganglia

Answer 26

regions of suubcortical gray matter involved in aspects of motor control, skill learning and reward learning

• Caudate Nucleus
• Putamen
• Globus pallidus
• disorder (hypokinetic - poverty of movement - huntington)
  (hyperkinetic - excess of movement - parkinsons)

Question 27

LImbic System

Answer 27

important for relating the organism to its environment based on current needs, present situation and previous experience
- defection and expression of emotional responses

• Amygdala - detecting fearful/threatening stimuli
• Cingulate Gyrus - emotional/cognitive conflicts
• Hippocampus - learning + memory
• mamilliary bodies - memory

*Olfactory Bulbs

Question 28

• Diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus

Answer 28

Thalamus = major subcortical relay centre

• processing station between all sensory organs (except smell) and the cortex
• 2 interconnected egg-shaped masses that lie in tthe centre of the brain and appear prominent in a medial section

Hypothalamus = lies beneath the thalamus and consists of a variety of nuclei that are specialized for different functions primarily concerned with the body (hunger, temperature, thirst, sexual activity and regulation of endocrine functions i.e. body growth)

Question 29

Subcortex

Answer 29

Basal Ganglia + Limbic System + Diencephalon

Question 30

Mid Brain + Hind brain

Answer 30

Grey matter nuclei = superior colliculi + inferior colliculli

Superior colliculi = integrate info from several senses (vision /hearing/touch)
Inferior Colliculli = auditory processing - fast route sensory stimuli (flash or bang)before stimulus is consciously seen or heard

Question 31

Substantia Negra

Answer 31

shcade/verlies is gelinkt aan parkinsons

Question 32

Cerebellum

Answer 32

attached to posterior of the hindbrain via the cerebellar pedunctes. important for dexterity and smooth execution of movement

Question 33

Pons

Answer 33

link cerebrum and cerebellum
- receives information from visual areas to control eye and body movements

Question 34

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 34

protrudes from the pons and merges with the spinal cord. Regulates vital functions: breathing, swallowing, heart rate and wake/sleep cycle.