Hoofdstuk 2 Flashcards
Neurons - 3 components
1) cell body (soma)
2) dendrites
3) axon
Cell body
contains nucleus and other organelles
dendrites
branching structures that carry information from other neuronsa
axon
branching structure that carries info TO other neurons and transmits action potential
nucleus
genetic code and this is involved in protein synthesis
- proteins can act as transmitters and receptors in neurons
neuron
many dendrites, 1 axon (maar axon kan vertakken; collaterals)
synapse
ruimte tussen neuronen waar neurotransmitter wordt geschoten
action potential
sudden change (depolarization and repolarization( iin electrical properties of the neuron membrane in an axon (snelheid/synchronie van schieten = informatie)
IONS: Na+ (charged Sodium) K+ (Potassium)
Resting potential -70mV
Myelin deposited around the axon of some cells (especiallly 9ones that carry moror signals)
nodes of Ranvier points of axon where no myelin is present
Glutamate and GABA are the workhorse neurotransmitters
it’s not the chemicals themselves that make them excitatory or inhibitory, rather it is the effecct that they have on ion channels in the membrane, which either pump positive or negative ions, thus making an action potential more or less likely
common neurotransmitters
serotonin
dopamine
noradrenaline
acetylcholine (all modulatory functions- Gaba en Glutamate door het hele brein)
Spiking rate
Rate of responding (action potentials)
Brain:
1) Grey Matter (consisting primarily of neuronal cell bodies)
2) white matter (tissue of the nervous system consisting primarily of axons and support cells)
3) Glia (support cells of the nervous system involved in tissue repair and in the formation of myelin, among other functions
Centre of the brain, below white matter is another collection of grey matter structures: Subcortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
3 different kinds of white matter tract
1) association tract (cortical within hemisphere)
2) commisure (cortical between hemisphere)
3) Projection tract (cortical to subcortical)
4 ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
most imporant commisure = corpus callosum = white matter tract that connects the hemispheres
Coronal Cross section
slice in the vertical plane through both hemispheres
Sagital
vertical, but only 1 hemisphere (midline, medial section)
axial
horizontal
Gyrus (Gyri meervoud)
the raised folds of the cortex
Sulcus (Sulci meervoud))
the buried grooves of the cortex
Most of the cortex contains 6 main cortical layers: the neocortex
other cortical regions are mesocortex (incl cingulate gyrus and insula)
allocortex (primary olfactory cortex and hippocampus)
4 Lobes:
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital
4 different waysin which regions of the cerebral cortex may be divided
11) by pattern of Gyri and Sulci
2) by cytoarchitecture (brodmann’s areas) = defined by the relative distribution of cell types across cortical layers. 52 areas.
3) by function (motor/primary sensory)
4) divided by connectivity
Basal Ganglia
regions of suubcortical gray matter involved in aspects of motor control, skill learning and reward learning
- Caudate Nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- disorder (hypokinetic - poverty of movement - huntington)
(hyperkinetic - excess of movement - parkinsons)
LImbic System
important for relating the organism to its environment based on current needs, present situation and previous experience
- defection and expression of emotional responses
- Amygdala - detecting fearful/threatening stimuli
- Cingulate Gyrus - emotional/cognitive conflicts
- Hippocampus - learning + memory
- mamilliary bodies - memory
*Olfactory Bulbs
- Diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus
Thalamus = major subcortical relay centre
- processing station between all sensory organs (except smell) and the cortex
- 2 interconnected egg-shaped masses that lie in tthe centre of the brain and appear prominent in a medial section
Hypothalamus = lies beneath the thalamus and consists of a variety of nuclei that are specialized for different functions primarily concerned with the body (hunger, temperature, thirst, sexual activity and regulation of endocrine functions i.e. body growth)
Subcortex
Basal Ganglia + Limbic System + Diencephalon
Mid Brain + Hind brain
Grey matter nuclei = superior colliculi + inferior colliculli
Superior colliculi = integrate info from several senses (vision /hearing/touch)
Inferior Colliculli = auditory processing - fast route sensory stimuli (flash or bang)before stimulus is consciously seen or heard
Substantia Negra
shcade/verlies is gelinkt aan parkinsons
Cerebellum
attached to posterior of the hindbrain via the cerebellar pedunctes. important for dexterity and smooth execution of movement
Pons
link cerebrum and cerebellum
- receives information from visual areas to control eye and body movements
Medulla Oblongata
protrudes from the pons and merges with the spinal cord. Regulates vital functions: breathing, swallowing, heart rate and wake/sleep cycle.
