Hoofdstuk 8

Question 1

One difference between auditory and visual senses

Answer 1

their sensitivity to temporal and spatial information
(auditory - temporal)
(visual - spatial)

Question 2

Pure tones

Answer 2

sounds with a sinusoid waveform (when pressure change is plotted against time)

Question 3

pitch

Answer 3

the perceived property of sounds that enables them to be ordered from low to high

Hertz = vibrations per second

subjective experience of loudness is measured in decibels

Question 4

Eventhough amplitude and frequency are independent physical properties of soundswaves

Answer 4

the subjective properties most closely associated with them (pitch and loudness) are not processed by the brain in a completely different way

Question 5

Fundamental Frequency (Fo)

Answer 5

the lowest frequency component of a complex sound that determines the perceived pitch
- missing fundamental phenomenon: if the fundamental frequency is removed, pitch is not perceived to change, because the brain reinstates it

Question 6

Timbre

Answer 6

• like pitch, is a psychological characteristic of a sound
• perceptual quality that enables us to distinguish between different musical instruments

Question 7

EAR

Answer 7

Outer (pinna - earlobe + auditory canal)
Middle
Inner

Question 8

Middle Ear

Answer 8

Converts airborne vibrations to liquid-borne vibrations with minimal loss of energy
3 bones: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) - transfer mechanical pressure on eardrum, to smaller membrane (Oval Window) in the fluid filled Cochlea

Question 9

Inner Ear

Answer 9

contains chambers that are important for senses of hearing (cochlea) and balance (including the semi circular canals)

Cochlea: liquid-borne sounds to neural impulses
- membrane within cochlea (basilar membrane) contains tiny hairs linked to receptors

Question 10

4/5 synapses in the auditory pathway

Answer 10

from the ear to the brian, starting with projections from the auditory nerve to the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem, and ending with projections from the Medial Geniculate Nucleus to the primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe) = main area to receive auditory-based thalamic input

Question 11

Secondary auditory cortical areas

Answer 11

Belt = projections from primary auditory cortex
Parabelt = projections from belt region

Question 12

Tonotopic Organization

Answer 12

the principle that sounds close to eachother in frequency are represented by neurons that are spatially close to eachother in the brain

Question 13

Neurons of the auditory cortex do not just resoond to frequency-related info

Answer 13

they also respond to particular loudness levels and particular spatial locations (contralaterally, dus rechteroor/linker auditory cortex)

Question 14

2 options for identifying where a sound is located

Answer 14

1) interaural difference - the difference in timing between a sound arriving in each ear (localizing sound)
2) Distortions of the Soundwave by the head and pinnae = Head-Related Transfer Function HRTF

Question 15

Head Related Transfer Function HRTF

Answer 15

the brain develops an internal model of how sounds get distroted by the unique shape of one’s own ears and head and is able to use this to infer likely location
- Planum Temporale = posterior to the primary auditory cortex, isinvolved in integrating the senory input iwht the learned HRTF for different parts of space

Question 16

Inter-Aural

Answer 16

left/right

Question 17

Distortions of Auditory input by pinnae

Answer 17

left/right
top/bottom

Question 18

Auditory stream Segregation

Answer 18

division of a complex auditory signal into different sources or auditory objects (cocktail party)
- parietal lobes help with cocktailparty problem

Question 19

Mismatch Negativity MMN

Answer 19

an ERP component that occurs when an auditory stimulus deviates from previously presented auditory stimuli
- lowelevel phenomenon
- occurs in absence of attention

Question 20

Notes (music) played together can sound

Answer 20

right (consonance) or clash (dissonance)

Question 21

Amusia

Answer 21

auditory agnosia in which music perception is affected more than the perception of other sounds

Question 22

Tone-Deafness (congenital Amusia)

Answer 22

a developmental dificulty in perceiving pitch relationships

Question 23

Prosody

Answer 23

changes in the stress pattern of speech (e.g. to add emphasis), the rhythym of speech or the intonation (e.g. rising/falling pitch to indicate questioning or sarcasm)

Question 24

Melody

Answer 24

patterns of pitch over time

Question 25

Model of Peretz and Coltheart - 4 stages of pitch processing in music that are concerned with

Answer 25

1) the general up-down structure (contour analysis)
2) the precise relationship between notes (interval analysis)
3) the construction of melody (tonal encoding)

• timbre

Question 26

Pure word deafness (damage left hemisphere)

Answer 26

Auditory Agnosia - can identify music/environmental sounds, but not speech

Question 27

Spectrogram

Answer 27

plots the frequency of sound (on the y-axis) over time (x-axis) with the intensity of sound represented by how dark it is

Question 28

Phonemes

Answer 28

Formally defined as minimal contrastive units of spoken language
- Allophones (different spoken/accoustic renditions of the same phoneme)
- Formants (horizontal stripes on the spectrogram produced with a relative free flow of air - vowels)
- Voicing (vibration of vocal chords when producing consonants - e.g. zzzz)

Question 29

Co-articulation

Answer 29

the production of a phoneme (and hence, the sound of that phoneme) si influenced by the preceding and proceeding phonemes

Question 30

Motor Theory of Speech Perception

Answer 30

auditory signal is matched onto motor representatives for producing one’s own speech rather than matching to an accoustic template

Question 31

Auditory Ventral Route “WHAT”

Answer 31

meaningful content of speech + identity speakerA

Question 32

Auditory Dorsal Route “WHERE

Question 33

“HOW”

Answer 33

learning/memory

Question 34

Arcuate Fasciculus

Answer 34

White matter bundle that connects the temporoparietal region to the frontal lobes