Honors Biology Semester 2 Final Flashcards
Describe the basic traits all animals share.
All multicellular heterotrophs by ingestion
No cell walls
Muscle and nervous tissue for movement and responding to the environment
Diploid dominant life styles
3 tissues (triploblastic), nervous system, looks the same on either side
bilateral symmetry
symmetrical around a radius (ex: starfish), 2 tissues (diploblastic), no muscle tissue
radial symmetry
makes the digestive organs/tract, liver, and lungs
Endoderm
makes skin and nervous tissue
ectoderm
makes muscles, bones, and the heart
mesoderm
back/top
dorsal
front/botton
ventral
toward the head
anterior
toward the tail
posterior
first opening animals (mouth develops first), first development of the digestive tract (Ex: Mollusks, Annelids, and Arthropods)
Protostomes
second opening animals (anus develops first), first development (Ex: Echinoderms , Chordates (includes humans))
Deuterostomes
uses our senses to detect environmental stimulus and cues as well as control bodily function
nervous system
moving the organism about the environment
muscular system
moving oxygen and nutrients through an organism’s whole body
circulatory system
to perform gas exchange with the environment (O2 in; CO2 out)
respiratory system
forms protective covering of structures, such as organs, cavities, and skin. They as a barrier for various molecules. Relies heavily on the cell junctions to function
Epithelial tissue
binding together and supporting the other tissues of the body
connective tissue
sense stimuli and relay messages. Basic structure is a neuron.
nervous system
provides a pulling force within the body. Cells of this tissue are called muscle fibers (composed of actin and myosin fibrils). Second largest consumers of energy.
muscle tissue
most abundant, acts as “filler material”
loose connective tissue
fat cells, these are for insulation, E storage, and padding
adipose tissue
composed of dense collagenous fibers
fibrous connective tissue
connect bone to bone
ligaments
connect bone with muscle
tendons
flexible support material, initial framework for making bone
cartilage
made from cartilage that has undergone ossification. These cells build bone by depositing Calcium and Magnesium salts in cartilage
Bone (osteo tissue)
connects the whole organism. Transports gases, nutrients, and wastes.
Blood Tissue
the watery component of blood tissue containing dissolved substances
plasma
the cellular component of blood tissue - RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets
hematocrit
3 basic structures of a neuron
dendrite, body, axon
receives stimuli from the environment or another cell and sends it to the body of the neuron. Collect and carry stimuli energy in to the cell body (they cover a large area)
dendrites
collects and bundles the stimuli into one message, also contains the organelles. Takes stimuli from different dendrites and compiles the energy into one signal.
body
takes the information away from the body of the neuron and toward the brain/muscle/gland. this one arm carries the one compiled signal away toward the next neuron or effector cell
axon
3 types of muscle tissue
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
striated muscle, voluntary
skeletal
striated muscle, involuntary
cardiac
unstriated muscle, involuntary, functions in peristalsis
smooth
rhythmic contraction of the digestive tract or in moving blood through blood vessels
peristalsis
above the diaphragm, contains the heart and lungs, protected by the ribs
thoracic cavity
below the diaphragm, contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs
abdominal cavity
maintaining a steady internal state
homeostasis
stops a process already in motion and reverses the effect
negative feedback loop
enhances a process already in motion
positive feedback loop
the three steps of sensing a stimulus and responding.
- sensory input
- integration
- motor output
stimulus sent into the brain or spinal cord. Sensory receptors receive a stimulus from the environment
sensory input
a form of energy such as electromagnetic (light), mechanical (pressure), and sound waves
stimulus
the interpretation of the energy by the Central Nervous System (CNS) (“thinking” about the stimulus)
integration
out of the brain or spinal cord, this response is carried out by effector cells
motor output
muscles or glands, have an effect on your body
effector cells
this includes the Sensory receptors and motor nerves
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
a lipid layer of insulation around the axon created by Schwann Cells. It prevents the electrical energy of the neuron from burning the overlying muscle tissue.
Myelin Sheath
the gap between neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell
synapse`
How do signals cross the synapse?
Signals cross the synapse using neurotransmitters.
the chemical, produced by the neuron, used to transmit the signal across the gap. The most common is Acetylcholine.
neurotransmitter
the most common neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
for the collection of sound waves from the external surrounding environment
outer ear
a cartilaginous structure that acts like an antenna for collecting sound waves
pinna
concentrates the energy as it moves toward the middle ear
auditory canal
the ear drum, converts the sound wave energy into vibrations
tympanic membrane
for the amplification of energy traveling toward the inner ear
middle ear
