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Biology > Chapter 10 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

disease-causing

A

virulent

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2
Q

the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism

A

transformation

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3
Q

viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophages

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4
Q

in a nucleic-acid chain, a sub-unit that consists of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

a five carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

A

deoxyribose

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6
Q

an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a pyrimidine or purine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA or RNA

A

nitrogenous base

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7
Q

a nitrogenous base that had a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA or RNA; either adenine or guanine

A

purine

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8
Q

a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil

A

pyrimidine

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9
Q

the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA and that adenine pairs with uracil in DNA

A

base-pairing rules

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10
Q

the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine

A

complementary base pair

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11
Q

the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA

A

base sequence

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12
Q

the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission

A

DNA replication

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13
Q

an enzyme that separates DNA strands

A

helicase

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14
Q

a Y-shaped point that results when the 2 strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated

A

replication fork

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15
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule

A

DNA polymerase

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16
Q

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

A

semi-conservative replication

17
Q

a change in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule

A

mutation

18
Q

a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

19
Q

the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a temple

A

transcription

20
Q

the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains

A

translation

21
Q

the formation of protein by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA.

A

protein synthesis

22
Q

a five carbon sugar present in RNA

A

ribose

23
Q

a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

24
Q

an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

25
Q

an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

26
Q

an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template

A

RNA polymerase

27
Q

a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene

A

promoter

28
Q

a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene

A

termination signal

29
Q

the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of 3 consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

genetic code

30
Q

in DNA, a 3-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal

A

codon

31
Q

a region of tRNA that consists of 3 bases complementary to the codon of mRNA

A

anticodon

32
Q

the complete genetic material contained in an individual

A

genome

Biology (36 decks)

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