Homeostasis And The Nervous System Flashcards by S F

What is homeostasis?

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for functions in response to internal and external changes

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What do all control systems in the body need to function?

Receptors - to function

Coordination centres - to receive information and coordinate the response

Effectors - to respond

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Examples of internal conditions that need to be monitored ?

Body temp

Water content of body

Blood glucose concentration

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What external conditions need to be monitored?

Air temp

Amount of light

Sound and other senses

Heat

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What factors are controlled by homeostasis?

Temp

PH levels

Blood glucose concentration

Ion concentration of blood

Water levels of blood

Concentration of waste materials

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Where is carbon dioxide produced?

A waste material produced BY CELLS during RESPIRATION

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Where is urea produced?

In LIVER from BREAKDOWN OF AMINO ACIDS

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Where is urea filtered from blood?

Filtered by the KIDNEYS and removed from body in urine

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Path of a nerve impulse?

1) STIMULUS detected by RECEPTOR
2) passed along SENSORY NEURONE
3) over a SYNAPSE
4) CNS processes information
5) over a SYNAPSE
6) passed along MOTOR NEURONE
7) message reaches EFFECTOR causing a RESPONSE

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What is a receptor?

A type of cell that detects changes in the environment

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Function of sensory neurone?

Sends electrical impulses from receptors in sense organs to the brain (CNS)

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What is the coordinator ( central nervous system)?

The brain and spinal column

Processes the information from the sensory neurone

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What is the function of the motor neurone?

Sends electrical impulses from the brain to the effector

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What is an effector?

Usually a muscle or gland

Responds when it receives a message from the brain

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What do the eyes detect?

Light

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What do the ears detect?

Sound

Changes in position

Pressure

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What does the nose sense?

Chemicals

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What does the skin sense?

Touch

Pressure

Pain

Temperature

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What does the tongue sense?

Chemicals

Temperature

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What is a stimulus?

A change that can be detected

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What is a response?

What happens as a result of the stimulus

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What is a neurone?

Basic cells of the nervous system that carry minute electrical impulses around the body

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What is a nerve impulse?

The electrical message that nerves carry around the body

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What is a synapse?

The gap between the end of one neurone and the next

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What is a reflex action?

A rapid automatic response of the nervous system that does not involve conscious thought

Why are reflex actions quicker normal conscious action?

Programmed in DNA electrical impulses sent to spinal cord Conscious actions use relay neurones

What does accurate?

You get the value you were meant to get

What does repeatable?

You can do it again and get similar results

What does reproducible mean?

Someone else can do it and get the same result

Function of the skull?

Protects the brain

What is the function of the meninges?

A protective membrane that encases the brain to protect it

What does the cerebral cortex do?

Concerned with consciousness, intelligence,memory and language

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Concerned with coordinating muscular activity and balance

What is the function of the medulla?

Unconscious activity

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Controlling body temperature

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

Produces many different chemicals/ hormones

What is the brain?

An organ function that controls complex behaviour

How can people study the brain?

MRI scans Electrically stimulating different parts of the brain Looking at behavioural changes Dissection

What is vasoconstriction?

Arterioles supplying capillaries barrow when muscles in the walls contract

What is vasodilation?

Arterioles supplying capillaries dilate when muscles in the Wall slack

How can we cool down?

Vasodilation More sweat No shivering

How can we warm up?

Shivering Vasoconstriction Less sweat produced

Function of sclera?

Protect eyeball from damage

What is the function of the cornea?

Let’s light into the eye Refracts light as it enters

Function of iris?

Hole through which light enters

Function of the pupil?

Controls amount of light that goes into retina

Function of lens?

Changes direction of light rays to produce clear image on retina

Function of ciliary muscles?

Adjust shape of lens to increase or decrease refraction if light by making it more or less curved

Function of suspension ligament?

Slacken or straight as the ciliary muscles contract/relax to adjust thickness and curvature of the lens

Function of the retina?

Contains light receptors which trigger electrical impulses

Function of optic lens?

Sends electrical impulses to the brain

Which muscles contract in the iris when the pupil constricts?

Circular smooth muscles

Which muscles contract wen the pupil dilated?

Radical smooth muscles

What does accommodation mean?

The eye can alter the shape and curvature of the lens to adjust the degree of refraction

``` What happens to the following when we see a distant object? A) ciliary muscles B) suspensory ligaments C) muscle tension on lens D) lens shape ```

A) relax B) pulled tight C) high D) pulled thin

``` What happens to the following when we see a near object? A) ciliary muscles B) suspensory ligaments C) muscle tension on lens D) lens shape ```

A) contracts B) slacker C) low D) fatter and rounder shape

Scientific name for short sightedness?

Myopia

Causes of myopia?

Elongated eyeball Distance between lens and retina is too great Lens too thick and curved

Treatment for myopia?

Diverging lens

Scientific name for long sightedness?

Hypermetropia?

Causes of hypermetropia?

Image focused Behind retina Loss of elasticity in lens so can’t become fat enough Age Eye ball too short

Treatment for hypermetropia?

Converging lens

Advantages of glasses?

Cheaper Instant treatment No damage

Disadvantages of glasses?

Can break or be damaged Maintenance costs

Advantages of laser eye surgery?

Permanent

Disadvantages of laser eye surgery?

Only for adults Need to recover from surgery

Which part of the brain monitors temperature?

Thermoregulatory system in the hypothalamus

How do hair erector muscles work when too cold?

Contract to make hair stand note upright to trap air close to surface