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Communicable Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a micro organism?

A

A small, single-celled microscopic organism

Con only be seen using a microscope

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2
Q

What are the types of micro organisms?

A

Bacteria

Fungi

Virus

Protoctists

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be passed on from one person to another

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4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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5
Q

what is health?

A

A state is physical and mental well-being, not just an absence of disease

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6
Q

What factors affect health?

A

Diet

Stress

Pathogens

Life style choices and situations

Genetics

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

No nucleus

May have plasmid DNA

reproduce through binary fission

March smaller than plant and animal cells

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8
Q

How does bacteria cause disease?

A

Multiply rapidly inside a host cell

Release wares products and toxins

Live in vascular tissue in plants causing blackening and death of these tissues

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9
Q

Characteristics of viruses?

A

Smaller than bacteria

DNA encased in a protein coat

Need a host cell to reproduce

Don’t perform MRS GREN living processes

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10
Q

What is a protoctist/Protozoa

A

A diverse group of organisms

Many are unicellular

Only some photosynthesise while others capture food or are decomposers

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11
Q

How do Protoctists cause diseases?

A

Enter host cells and feed on them to grow and reproduce

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12
Q

How can diseases be transmitted in humans?

A

Air borne droplets

Contaminated food and water

Insects or animals

Cuts or blood

Direct contact or sex

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13
Q

How can diseases be transmitted in plants?

A

Wind

Soil

Water

Farming practices

Direct contact with infected plants

Animals

Humans

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14
Q

What is TMV caused by?

A

A virus

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15
Q

What is rose black spots caused by?

A

Fungus

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16
Q

What are measles caused by?

A

Virus

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17
Q

Are there any treatments for measles?

A

No

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18
Q

What are some symptoms of measles?

A

Fever

Red skin rash

Blindness

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19
Q

How can measles be transmitted?

A

Through inhaling

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20
Q

What causes HIV

A

A virus

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21
Q

Are there any treatment for HIV?

A

No

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22
Q

What are some symptoms of HIV?

A

Mild flu-like illness

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23
Q

How can HIV be transmitted?

A

Direct sexual contact

Exchange of body fluids

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24
Q

What causes salmonella?

A

Bacteria

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25
Q

What are some symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever

Abdominal cramps

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

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26
Q

How is salmonella transmitted?

A

Through under cooked food

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27
Q

What causes gonorrhoea?

A

Bacteria

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28
Q

What can treat gonorrhoea?

A

Antibiotics

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29
Q

What are some symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Thick,yellow fluid from genital area

Pains

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30
Q

What can cause gonorrhoea?

A

Unprotected sexual contact

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31
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

Protoctists pathogens that are parasites

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32
Q

What is the treatment for malaria?

A

The is no treatment

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33
Q

What are some symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever

Shaking

Weakness

34
Q

How can malaria be transmitted?

A

Mosquitoes (vectors)

35
Q

How do nose and ear hairs defend against infection?

A

They trap particles in the air

36
Q

How do tears and earwax defend against infection?

A

Contain lysozyme that kills bacteria

37
Q

How does stomach acids defend against infection?

A

Kills any bacteria and mucas you swallow

38
Q

How does the the trachea and bronchi defend against infection?

A

Secrete mucas which :

Traps bacteria and dust as it is sticky

Is wafted up to the throat by the cilia

39
Q

How do skin am scabs protect against infections?

A

Act as a physical barrier

40
Q

How doe bleeding and vomiting defend against infection?

A

Takes out any bacteria that enters

41
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

LYMPHOCYTES - produce antibodies which immobilise bacteria

PHAGOCYTES- engulf and destroy immobilised bacteria

42
Q

What is the immune system?

A

He body system which recognises and destroys foreign cells or proteins, such as invading pathogens

43
Q

What does ingest mean?

A

When a pathogen is engulfed then destroyed by a phagocyte

44
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A Percival protein produced by lymphocytes that binds to specific antigens found on the surface of specific bacteria or viruses, which targets them for destruction

45
Q

What is an antitoxin?

A

A protein that binds to and counteracts toxins releases by pathogens

46
Q

How do phagocytes protect you against disease?

A

They ingest pathogens and digest and destroy them do they cannot make you ill

47
Q

How do antibodies produced by lymphocytes protect us against disease?

A

They target specific bacteria and destroy them

They can be produced very quickly the second time due to memory cells

48
Q

How do antitoxins produced by lymphocytes protect you against disease?

A

They counteract the toxins released by pathogens

49
Q

Why is there a delay between the bacteria entering the body and the antibody being produced?

A

The body has to recognise which antibody to produce

50
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

An injection with a weakened or dead pathogen

51
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a high proportion of people are vaccinated so the spread of disease is limited

52
Q

How do dead pathogens in vaccinations help protect against viruses?

A

They have antigens on the surface which are the same as the ones on the live pathogen

53
Q

Are weakened,dead and less harmful pathogens an active or passive method of protection against disease?

A

Active as your immune system will produce specific antibodies for the antigens

54
Q

What are the advantages of active methods of protection against disease?

A

Memory cells are created so you develop LONG TERM IMMUNITY

55
Q

What are the disadvantages of active methods of protections against disease?

A

Many SUFFER MILD SYMPTOMS of disease

Some diseases need BOSTER VACCINATIONS

56
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies protect against disease?

A

They inject pathogen into a rodent then remove the immune cells from it. They are then objected into the person

57
Q

Are monoclonal antibodies a passive or active methods of protection against disease?

A

Passive as the immune system doesn’t produce antibodies

58
Q

What are the advantages of passive method of protection against disease?

A

IMMEDIATE PROTECTION

Could also CURE DISEASE if you already have it

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive methods of protection against disease?

A

SHORT TERM PROTECTION

ANIMAL RIGHT ISSUES

60
Q

What are the advantages of antibiotics?

A

Numbs pain

Only kills bacteria

Naturally produced by fungi

Don’t damage other cells

Helps those with weak immune systems

61
Q

What are the disadvantages of antibiotics?

A

Cannot kill vital pathogens so cant cure disease

Some are becoming resistant

Only affects bacteria not fungi, viruses etc

Expensive to develop

62
Q

What is an anti viral drug?

A

A drug that kills viruses

63
Q

What is antibiotic resistance caused by?

A

By mutations through natural selection

64
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

When a large infection is in one country

65
Q

What is a pandemic

A

When an infection affects the whole world

66
Q

What makes an effective drug?

A

Effective

Safe

Stable

Can be taken successfully into and out of our system

67
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A harmless pill, medicine or procedure prescribed for the psychological benefit to the patient rather than the physical

A substance that had no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new drugs

68
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

When neither the patient nor the doctor knows which drug is being taken: the placebo or the real one

69
Q

What is the first stage of drug testing?

A

Deciding which drug to test

70
Q

What is the second stage of drug testing?

A

Looking at natural remedies that already exist and analyse the chemicals in them

71
Q

What is the third step of drug making?

A

Make lots of chemicals in the lab

72
Q

What is the fourth stage of drug testing?

A

Screen the drugs in the lab

73
Q

What is the fifth step of drug testing?

A

Test the drug on animals

74
Q

What is the sixth stage of drug testing?

A

Test the drug in healthy people

75
Q

What is the seventh stage of drug testing?

A

Test the drug on actual patient using a placebo and maybe a double blind trial

76
Q

What is the last stage of drug testing?

A

License drug for doctors to use

77
Q

What three things are new drugs tested for?

A

Toxicity

Efficacy

Dose

78
Q

What does toxicity mean?

A

How toxic/poisonous a substance is

79
Q

What does efficacy mean?

A

How efficient the drug is

80
Q

What does dose mean?

A

How much of the drug you should take

81
Q

What is preclinical testing?

A

Testing potential medicines in cells, tissues and live animals in a lab

82
Q

What does clinical trials mean?

A

When you test potential new drugs on healthy patients and volunteers

Biology (12 decks)

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