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Communicable Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is a micro organism?

A

A small, single-celled microscopic organism

Con only be seen using a microscope

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2
Q

What are the types of micro organisms?

A

Bacteria

Fungi

Virus

Protoctists

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be passed on from one person to another

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4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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5
Q

what is health?

A

A state is physical and mental well-being, not just an absence of disease

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6
Q

What factors affect health?

A

Diet

Stress

Pathogens

Life style choices and situations

Genetics

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

No nucleus

May have plasmid DNA

reproduce through binary fission

March smaller than plant and animal cells

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8
Q

How does bacteria cause disease?

A

Multiply rapidly inside a host cell

Release wares products and toxins

Live in vascular tissue in plants causing blackening and death of these tissues

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9
Q

Characteristics of viruses?

A

Smaller than bacteria

DNA encased in a protein coat

Need a host cell to reproduce

Don’t perform MRS GREN living processes

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10
Q

What is a protoctist/Protozoa

A

A diverse group of organisms

Many are unicellular

Only some photosynthesise while others capture food or are decomposers

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11
Q

How do Protoctists cause diseases?

A

Enter host cells and feed on them to grow and reproduce

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12
Q

How can diseases be transmitted in humans?

A

Air borne droplets

Contaminated food and water

Insects or animals

Cuts or blood

Direct contact or sex

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13
Q

How can diseases be transmitted in plants?

A

Wind

Soil

Water

Farming practices

Direct contact with infected plants

Animals

Humans

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14
Q

What is TMV caused by?

A

A virus

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15
Q

What is rose black spots caused by?

A

Fungus

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16
Q

What are measles caused by?

A

Virus

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17
Q

Are there any treatments for measles?

A

No

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18
Q

What are some symptoms of measles?

A

Fever

Red skin rash

Blindness

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19
Q

How can measles be transmitted?

A

Through inhaling

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20
Q

What causes HIV

A

A virus

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21
Q

Are there any treatment for HIV?

A

No

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22
Q

What are some symptoms of HIV?

A

Mild flu-like illness

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23
Q

How can HIV be transmitted?

A

Direct sexual contact

Exchange of body fluids

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24
Q

What causes salmonella?

A

Bacteria

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25
What are some symptoms of salmonella?
Fever Abdominal cramps Vomiting Diarrhoea
26
How is salmonella transmitted?
Through under cooked food
27
What causes gonorrhoea?
Bacteria
28
What can treat gonorrhoea?
Antibiotics
29
What are some symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Thick,yellow fluid from genital area Pains
30
What can cause gonorrhoea?
Unprotected sexual contact
31
What is malaria caused by?
Protoctists pathogens that are parasites
32
What is the treatment for malaria?
The is no treatment
33
What are some symptoms of malaria?
Fever Shaking Weakness
34
How can malaria be transmitted?
Mosquitoes (vectors)
35
How do nose and ear hairs defend against infection?
They trap particles in the air
36
How do tears and earwax defend against infection?
Contain lysozyme that kills bacteria
37
How does stomach acids defend against infection?
Kills any bacteria and mucas you swallow
38
How does the the trachea and bronchi defend against infection?
Secrete mucas which : Traps bacteria and dust as it is sticky Is wafted up to the throat by the cilia
39
How do skin am scabs protect against infections?
Act as a physical barrier
40
How doe bleeding and vomiting defend against infection?
Takes out any bacteria that enters
41
What are the two types of white blood cells?
LYMPHOCYTES - produce antibodies which immobilise bacteria PHAGOCYTES- engulf and destroy immobilised bacteria
42
What is the immune system?
He body system which recognises and destroys foreign cells or proteins, such as invading pathogens
43
What does ingest mean?
When a pathogen is engulfed then destroyed by a phagocyte
44
What is an antibody?
A Percival protein produced by lymphocytes that binds to specific antigens found on the surface of specific bacteria or viruses, which targets them for destruction
45
What is an antitoxin?
A protein that binds to and counteracts toxins releases by pathogens
46
How do phagocytes protect you against disease?
They ingest pathogens and digest and destroy them do they cannot make you ill
47
How do antibodies produced by lymphocytes protect us against disease?
They target specific bacteria and destroy them They can be produced very quickly the second time due to memory cells
48
How do antitoxins produced by lymphocytes protect you against disease?
They counteract the toxins released by pathogens
49
Why is there a delay between the bacteria entering the body and the antibody being produced?
The body has to recognise which antibody to produce
50
What is a vaccination?
An injection with a weakened or dead pathogen
51
What is herd immunity?
When a high proportion of people are vaccinated so the spread of disease is limited
52
How do dead pathogens in vaccinations help protect against viruses?
They have antigens on the surface which are the same as the ones on the live pathogen
53
Are weakened,dead and less harmful pathogens an active or passive method of protection against disease?
Active as your immune system will produce specific antibodies for the antigens
54
What are the advantages of active methods of protection against disease?
Memory cells are created so you develop LONG TERM IMMUNITY
55
What are the disadvantages of active methods of protections against disease?
Many SUFFER MILD SYMPTOMS of disease Some diseases need BOSTER VACCINATIONS
56
How do monoclonal antibodies protect against disease?
They inject pathogen into a rodent then remove the immune cells from it. They are then objected into the person
57
Are monoclonal antibodies a passive or active methods of protection against disease?
Passive as the immune system doesn’t produce antibodies
58
What are the advantages of passive method of protection against disease?
IMMEDIATE PROTECTION Could also CURE DISEASE if you already have it
59
What are the disadvantages of passive methods of protection against disease?
SHORT TERM PROTECTION ANIMAL RIGHT ISSUES
60
What are the advantages of antibiotics?
Numbs pain Only kills bacteria Naturally produced by fungi Don’t damage other cells Helps those with weak immune systems
61
What are the disadvantages of antibiotics?
Cannot kill vital pathogens so cant cure disease Some are becoming resistant Only affects bacteria not fungi, viruses etc Expensive to develop
62
What is an anti viral drug?
A drug that kills viruses
63
What is antibiotic resistance caused by?
By mutations through natural selection
64
What is an epidemic?
When a large infection is in one country
65
What is a pandemic
When an infection affects the whole world
66
What makes an effective drug?
Effective Safe Stable Can be taken successfully into and out of our system
67
What is a placebo?
A harmless pill, medicine or procedure prescribed for the psychological benefit to the patient rather than the physical A substance that had no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new drugs
68
What is a double blind trial?
When neither the patient nor the doctor knows which drug is being taken: the placebo or the real one
69
What is the first stage of drug testing?
Deciding which drug to test
70
What is the second stage of drug testing?
Looking at natural remedies that already exist and analyse the chemicals in them
71
What is the third step of drug making?
Make lots of chemicals in the lab
72
What is the fourth stage of drug testing?
Screen the drugs in the lab
73
What is the fifth step of drug testing?
Test the drug on animals
74
What is the sixth stage of drug testing?
Test the drug in healthy people
75
What is the seventh stage of drug testing?
Test the drug on actual patient using a placebo and maybe a double blind trial
76
What is the last stage of drug testing?
License drug for doctors to use
77
What three things are new drugs tested for?
Toxicity Efficacy Dose
78
What does toxicity mean?
How toxic/poisonous a substance is
79
What does efficacy mean?
How efficient the drug is
80
What does dose mean?
How much of the drug you should take
81
What is preclinical testing?
Testing potential medicines in cells, tissues and live animals in a lab
82
What does clinical trials mean?
When you test potential new drugs on healthy patients and volunteers

Biology (12 decks)

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