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Biology > Digestive System And Enzymes > Flashcards

Digestive System And Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the breaking down of large, insoluble molecules of food into smaller, soluble molecules

This is so they can be absorbed into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What is physical/mechanical digestion?

A

It is the first stage of digestion

Where large chunks of food or broken into smaller bits, firstly by chewing

It’s speed up chemical digestions as the food will have a larger surface area

It is necessary so we can swallow the food

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3
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The second stage of Digestion

It is slower than physical as large molecules are chemically broken into smaller ones

It is done by enzymes

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4
Q

How does saliva help digest food

A

It contains AMYLASE - digests starch into sugar

Contains MUCAS - a slimy Substance which helps food slip down the throat

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5
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

It is when the circular muscles in the gullet/oesophagus’ wall contract and squeeze behind the food and the muscles in the front relax to help it along

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6
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A muscular bag that can hold 2 L of food.

The muscles turn the food to mix it with the digestive juices

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7
Q

What do the digestive juices that the stomach produced contain?

A

PROTEASE - Starts digestion of protein into amino acid’s

HYDROCHLORIC ACID - makes conditions perfect for protease to work. Protease works best in acidic pHs

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8
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

It produces bile

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9
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

It is where bile is stored

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10
Q

What is the function of the bile duct?

A

To release pile into the intestine

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11
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

To make pancreatic juices

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12
Q

What happens in the large intestine ?

A

Food is passed along and water is absorbed

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13
Q

What does the salivary gland do?

A

It PRODUCES SALIVA - Moistens food to form a ball to swallow. Contains enzymes to digests food

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14
Q

What does the oesophagus do?

A

It passes food down to your stomach

Its walls are made of smooth-muscle back on contract

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15
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

To mix interned food by contracting its walls

To kill pathogens in the food and provide a low pH for enzymes should I just protein by producing hydrochloric acid

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16
Q

How is the stomach adapted for its function?

A

It makes digestive juices

It is made of muscle

It can withstand acids

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17
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

It adds bile and digestive juices to the liquid that is squeezed gently along

It has a large surface area with villi and microvilli

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18
Q

What is the purpose of stomach acid?

A

It chemically digests food (especially protein)

Kills pathogens

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19
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

It emulsifies fats - this means itTurns fat into smaller droplets so they have a bigger surface area for enzymes to work on to make the process quicker

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20
Q

What is emulsification of fats?

A

When facts are turned into smaller droplets

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21
Q

What is a villus?

A

I think I like projection that increases the surface area of the small intestine

22
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins

Biological catalysts - speed up chemical reactions in the body and not used up

Specific to one chemical reaction (complementary)

23
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

The liver

24
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gall bladder

25
Q

Where is bile released?

A

The bile duct

26
Q

What is the order of digestion?

A

1) mouth
2) gullet / oesophagus
3) diaphragm
4) stomach
5) liver
6) gallbladder
7) bile duct
8) pancreas
9) large intestine
10) small intestine

27
Q

Why are enzymes necessary for digestion?

A

They speed up the process and break down large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules

28
Q

What does Amylase do?

A

Digests starch into glucose

29
Q

What does protease do?

A

Digests proteins into amino acids

30
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Digests fats into fatty acid‘s and glycerol

31
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands ( in mouth)

Pancreas

Small intestine

32
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Stomach

Pancreas

Small intestine

33
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancreas

Small intestine

34
Q

Why are sugars useful?

A

Sugars can be used to build new carbohydrates in our cells

some glucose is used in respiration to release energy

35
Q

Why are Amino acids useful?

A

They can be used by ribosomes to build new proteins in our cells

36
Q

Why are fatty acid and glycerol useful?

A

They can be used to build new lipids in our cells (e.g. to make cell membranes)

37
Q

What is the active site?

A

The place where the reaction happens, where the substrate joins

38
Q

What could cause a denatured enzyme?

A

A really really high temperature or pH

39
Q

Where is pepsin found?

A

In the stomach because it’s optimum pH is 2 which is very acidic like it is in the stomach

40
Q

Where is trypsin found?

A

In the small intestine because it optimum pH is alkaline, 7.5, as it is in the small intestine

41
Q

Is bile acidic or alkaline?

A

It is an alkaline liquid produced by you liver

42
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do?

A

Creates ACIDIC CONDITIONS for protease to work in the stomach

KILLS BACTERIA from food

43
Q

What doe bile do?

A

NEUTRALISES ACIDIC CONDITIONS for protease to work in the small intestine

EMULSIFIES FATS

44
Q

What is the reagent that tests for starch?

A

Iodine

45
Q

What colour does iodine go if starch is present?

A

Blue-black

46
Q

What colour is the solution is starch is not present, with iodine?

A

Yellow

47
Q

What is the regent that tests for glucose?

A

Benedict’s raegent

48
Q

What colour does Benedict’s reagent turn if glucose is present?

A

BRICK RED -lots

Orange

Yellow

Green - little

( solution must be heated)

49
Q

What reagent tests for proteins?

A

Biuret raegent

50
Q

What observations are there is lipids are present?

A

Cloudy emulsion

51
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Ethanol

52
Q

What colour does biuret reagent turn of protein is present?

A

Purple

Biology (12 decks)

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