Circulatory And Respiratory Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What is a pulse?
A
Where an artery runs closer to the surface, often over a bone
2
Q
What do arteries to do?
A
Take blood away from the heart
3
Q
What do veins do?
A
Take blood back into the heart
4
Q
What do capillaries do?
A
Link arteries and veins
5
Q
Is the lumen in an artery small or large?
A
Small
6
Q
Are the walls of an artery thick or thin?
A
They are thick-they are made of muscle and elastic fibres
7
Q
Is there a high blood pressure in arteries?
A
Yes as it is coming from the heart
8
Q
Are there valves in an artery?
A
No
9
Q
Are the lumen small or large In a vein?
A
Large
10
Q
Are the walls of a vein thick or thin?
A
They are relatively thin
11
Q
Do veins have valves?
A
Yes they often do
12
Q
How big is a capillary’s walls?
A
They are very thin - 1 cell thick
13
Q
How big is the lumen of a capillary?
A
They are tiny
14
Q
Are capillaries permeable?
A
Yes
Oxygen, glucose, urea and carbon dioxide diffuse through tiny pores
15
Q
What is a double circulatory system?
A
When blood is passed through the heart twice
16
Q
What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?
A
They are more efficient
blood can be sent off to different parts of the body at high-pressure
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix
17
Q
Why must blood go to the lungs?
A
Oxygen defuses into blood at the lungs
CO2 diffuses out of blood at the lungs
18
Q
What is the function of the atria?
A
They contract together and for split down into the ventricles
19
Q
What is the function of the ventricles
A
They contract and force blood out of the heart
The right ventricle forces the oxygenated blood to the lungs in the pulmonary artery
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the body in a big artery called the Aorta
20
Q
What is the function of valves?
A
Very close to stop the blood flowing backwards out of the heart
21
Q
What is the function of the pacemaker?
A
Controls the basic rhythm of your heart
22
Q
What is an exchange surface?
A
Surface when materials are exchanged between an organism and its environment
23
Q
What happened to the diaphragm when we inhale?
A
It contracts and moves down and becomes flattened
24
Q
What happened to the diaphragm when we exhale?
A
It relaxes, moves up and becomes a dome shape
25
What happened to the intercostal muscles when we inhale?
They contract
26
What happened to the intercostal muscles when we exhale?
It relaxes
27
What happened to the rib cage when we inhale?
It moves up and out
28
What happens to the rib cage when we exhale?
It falls back and inwards
29
What happened to the volume inside Our lungs when we inhale?
It increases as air goes in
30
What happens to the volume inside our lungs when we exhale?
It decreases
31
What happened to the pressure inside Our lungs when we inhale?
It decreases compared to outside
32
What happened to the pressure inside our lungs when we exhale?
It increases compare to outside
33
When we inhale, what is the air movement like?
The area is drawn into our lungs
34
When we exhale, what is the air movement like?
The air is forced out of our lungs
35
Why are exchange surfaces necessary?
They SPEED UP THE RATE OF DIFFUSION in large organisms with small surface area to volume ratio is. Without these large organisms would die because oxygen wouldn’t be able to get to the cells fast enough
36
What are the features of a good exchange surface?
LARGE SURFACE AREA - quicker rate of diffusion
THIN - larger surface area
GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY - big concentration difference
SUPPLY OF NEW MATERIAL - maintains high concentration gradient
37
How is the alveoli adapted for its function?
VENTILATION moves air in and out - maintain steep conc gradient
Very THIN WALLS short diffusion distance
SPHERICAL SHAPE large surface area
GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY maintains conc gradient
38
What is breathing?
The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
In humans this is brought about by the action of the intercostal muscles on the ribs and diaphragm
39
What is respiration?
A chemical process where energy is released from the breakdown of food
40
What is gas exchange in humans?
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood
41
What is the function of the nose?
Smelling
warming up the air as we inhale
42
What is the function of the trachea?
Transports air from the mouth towards the lungs
43
What is the function of the Bronchi?
It is where the trachea is divided into two pipes to enter the lungs
44
What is the function of the diaphragm
It is a muscle involved in breathing
45
What is the function of the intercostal muscles?
They are also muscles involved in breathing
46
What is the function of the rib?
Protects the heart and lungs
involved in breathing
47
What is the function of the heart?
It pumps the blood around the body
48
What is the function of the alveoli?
It is a site of gas exchange
49
What are the components of blood?
Plasma (55 %)
White blood cells and platelets (less than 1%)
Red blood cells (45 %)
50
What is the function of water in the plasma?
It makes blood liquid so it can flow and move other substances
It is a SOLVENT so dissolves other substances
51
What is the function of dissolved nutrients in the plasma?
Amino acids - used by cells to make new proteins
glucose - energy from respiration to make carbohydrates
fatty acids and glycerol - used by cells to make new lipids
vitamins - help to regulate metabolism inside cells
52
What is the function of oxygen in the plasma?
Needed for respiration and keeps cells alive
53
What is the function of CO2 in plasma?
It is a waste produced by the cells and is carried to the lungs
54
What is the function of urea in the plasma?
It is formed in your liver from the breakdown of excess proteins and is carried to your kidneys where it is removed from your blood to form until urine
55
What is the function of hormones in the plasma?
They are involved in homeostasis (Controlling blood glucose levels)
they control changes in the body
56
What is the function of dissolved mineral ions in the plasma?
How control water movement into and out of our cells by osmosis
some help regulate metabolism inside cells
57
What is the function of plasma proteins in the plasma?
Needed to help blood clot (called clotting factors)
help with reabsorption of fluid from tissues to blood
58
Where are red blood cells produced?
In the bone marrow
59
What do red blood cells contain which can bind reversibly to oxygen?
Haemoglobin
60
OXYGEN + HAEMOGLOBIN =
Oxyhemoglobin
61
How are red blood cells adapted?
They have NO NUCLEUS so they can pack in more haemoglobin so they can bind to more oxygen
they have a BICONCAVE shape which gives them a larger surface area to volume ratio to absorb oxygen quicker
62
Where are white blood cells produced?
They are produced in the bone marrow
63
Name two types of white blood cells
PHAGOCYTES - They Engulf bacteria
LYMPHOCYTES - Produce antibodies
64
What are platelets?
Cell fragments produced in bone marrow
65
What is the function of a scab?
Stop bacteria entering
stop blood escaping
66
What are some problems associated with blood transfusion?
Not the right blood type/group
shortage of donors
religious reasons
blood cannot be stored for a very long time
67
What are some treatments for permanent heart damage?
Heart transplants
artificial hearts
68
What are treatments for not permanent heart damage?
Stents
Statins
Bypass surgery
69
What is the treatment for your pacemaker not working properly?
An artificial pacemaker
70
What is a stent?
A metal mesh that is placed in the artery. It contains a balloon which can be inflated to open blood vessels and distance so the blood can flow freely
71
What are the advantages of using a stent?
It allows the blood to flow freely as it opens the arteries
it releases good drugs to prevent blood clotting
it is safer and cheaper than bypass surgery
it can be used anywhere in the body
you don’t need general anaesthetics
72
What are the disadvantages of using a stent?
The stent would cause blood clotting without the drugs
The drugs will eventually run out
it doesn’t work for bad blocks and doesn’t remove fatty deposits
73
Advantages of bypass surgery?
Replaces narrow or blocked arteries
works for badly blocked arteries
74
Disadvantages of bypass surgery?
It doesn’t remove the problem
It is more expensive
75
Advantages of statins?
Reduces fatty deposit build up rates so reduces the blockage of the artery
76
Disadvantages of statins?
Possible side-effects from drugs
doesn’t get rid of blockage completely
will not work for blood clots, only fatty deposits
77
Why might a patient need a heart transplant?
They might have damaged heart due to a heart attack
Might be born with a heart defect
78
Arguments for heart transplants (scientific)?
If the heart transplant is successful it should provide a long-term cure
New heart will pump blood and oxygen affectively to the body
79
Social arguments for a heart transplant?
Prolongs life
better quality of life (if it is successful there should be no more symptoms)
80
Scientific arguments against heart transplant
Not enough donors
Operation is risky
donor heart must be the same tissue-type
to reduce the chance of rejection immunosuppressant drugs must be taken for life which could cause more infections
81
Social arguments against heart transplant?
Expensive
patient must stay in hospital for very long time to recover
if the patient doesn’t alter their lifestyle their problem could re-occur
82
What is an artificial heart and how does it work?
They are temporary hearts that can
support your natural heart until it can be replaced.
They use a pressure to pump blood around the body
83
Scientific arguments for an artificial heart?
Supports natural heart - keeps patient alive long enough to receive a transplant or recover
Small chance of rejection
84
Social arguments for artificial hearts?
Prolongs life
Better quality of life
85
Scientific arguments against artificial hearts?
Operation is risky
Risk of blood clotting which could be fatal
Permanent replacement with a machine is still not possible
86
Social arguments against artificial hearts?
Patients often have to remain in hospitals
Very expensive
87
What are statins?
A drug that have been found to reduce cardiovascular disease and mortality in those who are at high risk
