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Air Law > Holding Procedures > Flashcards

Holding Procedures Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a holding fix?

A

A geographical location that serves as a reference for a holding procedure

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2
Q

Define a holding procedure

A

A predetermined maneuver that keeps aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance.

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3
Q

What are some reasons for holding?

A

Weather
Traffic Flow Management
Accident at Airfield

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4
Q

What are the parts of a holding pattern?

A

Holding Fix
Fix End
Abeam
Outbound Leg
Outbound End
Inbound Leg
Holding Fix

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5
Q

What is the holding axis?

A

The required inbound track to the holding fix

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6
Q

What rate are turns made in holding patterns?

A

Rate 1 (3°/sec)
or
25° of bank

Which requires least angle of bank

Therefore aircraft >170kts may not turn at Rate 1

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7
Q

What is the time of the outbound leg?

A

1 minute
1.5 minutes above 14,000ft

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8
Q

When does timing of the outbound leg commence?

A

Abeam the fix or on completion of the outbound turn, whichever is later

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9
Q

If DME is available what might be included in the outbound leg?

A

Limiting range for the outbound leg

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10
Q

If radials are available what might be included in the outbound leg?

A

Limiting radial for the outbound leg

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11
Q

What time should be allowed for a parallel entry?

A

3 minutes

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12
Q

What time should be allowed for an offset entry?

A

3 minutes

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13
Q

What entry is required from sector 1?

A

Parallel entry

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14
Q

What entry is required from sector 2?

A

Offset Entry

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15
Q

What entry is required from sector 3?

A

Direct Entry

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16
Q

What time should be allowed for a direct entry?

A

No time penalty

17
Q

What factors can affect a holding pattern?

A

Wind
Speed (Rates of turn)
Effect of level (T&P)
Effect of Navaid used
Turbulence

18
Q

If unable to conform with the procedures or limitations of a holding pattern, what must pilots do?

A

Inform ATC

19
Q

What is an expected onward clearance time?

A

A time to leave the hold to continue enroute

20
Q

What will a pilot do when ATC specifies a time to leave the holding pattern?

A

The pilot will adjust their timing within the pattern in order to leave at the specified time.

21
Q

What is the normal separation from a holding pattern?

A

5 minutes flying time from the flight path of the holding aircraft

22
Q

Where might a VFR aircraft be asked to hold?

A

VRPs within controlled airspace

23
Q

If a VRP is outside CAS, can an ATCO instruct an aircraft to hold or route over VRPs?

A

No, because they are used as navigation points for VFR traffic.

24
Q

Apart from holding at VRPs, how else can VFR aircraft hold?

A

They can be instructed to orbit.

25
Q

What is a non-published hold?

A

An ATCO created hold within controlled airspace that may be required due to congestion. The ATCO will determine the inbound Axis and direction of the hold for this purpose.

26
Q

What happens to holding speed in turbulence?

A

It increases, often to 280kts.

27
Q

What are the aircraft approach categories?

A

Cat A : Less than 91kts IAS
Cat B : 91 - 120kts IAS
Cat C : 121 - 140kts IAS
Cat D : 141 - 165kts IAS
Cat E : 166 - 210kts IAS

28
Q

How are the aircraft approach categories derived?

A

From their nominal Velocity at Touchdown (Vat) speeds.

This is defined as 1.3x the stalling speed in the landing configuration at maximum certificated landing mass.

29
Q

How are the sectors of a hold divided?

A

By a 70 degree intersection with the inbound radial and a continuation of the inbound radial, creating 3 sectors.

30
Q

What are the other entry methods to a hold?

A

Along holding radial
via a DME Arc
via a Secondary Fix

31
Q

At what point must an aircraft be issued an EAT?

A

When the aircraft is subject to a delay of 10 minutes or more

Air Law (19 decks)

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