HNS Anatomy 3 - Neck and Face

Question 1

List the functions of the neck

Answer 1

• Supports and moves the head (structural - inside the prevertebral fascia)
• Visceral functions (connects the m outh and airways to the GI tract, inside or associates with pretracheal fascia)
• Conduit for blood vessels and nerves (inside or associated with carotid fascia)

Question 2

List the compartments of the neck

Answer 2

• Vertebral compartment (contains the cervical vertebrae and associated postural muscles)
• Visceral compartment (important glands, parts of respiratory and digestive tracts)
• Vascular compartment (one on each side - contains internal jugular vein, common carotid and vagus nerve)

Question 3

What is present at each cervical vertebra level?

Answer 3

• C1 open mouth
• C2 superior cervical ganglion
• C3 body of thyroid
• C4 Upper border of thyroid cartilage and bifurcation of the common carotid artery
• C6 cricoid cartilage and middle cervical ganglion
• C7 inferior cervical ganglion

Question 4

What is in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 4

• Digastric muscle
• Platysma
• Mylohyoid
• Infrahyoid
• Carotid arteries
• Internal jugular vein
• Digastric muscle
• Stylohyoid muscle

Question 5

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 5

Allows us to turn our head into the opposite direction

Question 6

What are the borders of the posterior triangle?

Answer 6

• Sternocleidomastoid muscle
• Trapezius
• Middle third of the scapula

Question 7

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

Answer 7

• Base of the mandible
• Sternocleidomastoid muscle
• Saggital plane

Question 8

List the contents of the posterior triangle in the neck

Answer 8

• Mainly vessels and nerves
• External jugular vein
• Sunclavian artery
• Subclavian vein
• Trunks of the branchial plexus
• Phrenic nerve
• Vagus nerve
• Spinal accessory nerve

Question 9

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the neck

Answer 9

• Parotid duct, submandibular and submental drain into the anterior cervical
• Mastoid and occipital ducts to superficial cervical
• To deep cervical (along the internal jugular vein)

Question 10

Which nerve supplies the platysma muscle?

Answer 10

Facial nerve

Question 11

Which nerve supplies the mylohyoid muscle?

Answer 11

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 12

Which nerves supply the digastric muscle?

Answer 12

• Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and facial nerve

Question 13

Which nerves supply the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 13

• Omohyoid, sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles are supplied by the ansa cervicalis
• Thyrohyoid muscle is supplied by C1 fibres via the hypoglossal nerves

Question 14

What is inside the carotid sheath?

Answer 14

• Carotid artery
• Internal jugular vein
• Vagus nerve

Question 15

How can the sternocleidomastoid muscle be palpated?

Answer 15

• When the patient turns their head to the opposite side
  -From the clavicle to the mastoid process
  -

Question 16

Where is the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

Answer 16

• At the horizontal plane of the intervertebral disc between C3 and C4
• Approximately at the upper margin of the thyroid cartilage

Question 17

How is the internal jugular vein differentiated from the common carotid artery on ultrasound?

Answer 17

• Internal jugular vein is larger and more triangular, and it will compress upon pressure
• The common carotid artery is smaller, more spherical and will not compress upon pressure

Question 18

Where can central venous lines be inserted?

Answer 18

• Into the internal jugular vein
• Subclavian vein
• Femoral vein

Question 19

What are central venous lines used for?

Answer 19

• Long term intravenous antibiotics
• Long term parenteral nutrition
• Pain medications
• Drugs that cant be inserted into peripheral vessels

Question 20

List the possible complications of central line insertion

Answer 20

• Pneumothorax
• Thrombus
• Hitting the artery
• Hitting a nerve, such as the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 21

Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?

Answer 21

Jugular foramen

Question 22

Which nerves exit the skull via the jugular foramen?

Answer 22

• Vagus nerve
• Glossopharyngeal nerve
• Accessory nerve

Question 23

How do you test the function of the accessory nerve?

Answer 23

• Ask the patient to shrug their shoulders with and without resistance
• Ask the patient to turn their head against resistance