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1. Drugs > HIV, Influenza, Herpes > Flashcards

HIV, Influenza, Herpes Flashcards

1
Q

What does NRTI stand for?

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

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2
Q

True or False: NRTIs are a type of antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV/AIDS.

A

True

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3
Q

Which enzyme do NRTIs primarily target in the HIV replication process?

A

reverse transcriptase

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of NRTIs?

A

They compete with natural nucleotides and incorporate into the viral DNA chain, leading to chain termination

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5
Q

What is the main goal of NRTI therapy in HIV/AIDS treatment?

A

To reduce viral load and improve immune function

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6
Q

What is the significance of NRTIs in preventing HIV transmission?

A

They can reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy

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7
Q

Which NRTI is commonly used in combination therapy for HIV/AIDS?

A

Tenofovir

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8
Q

True or False: NRTIs can completely cure HIV/AIDS.

A

False

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9
Q

What is the role of NRTIs in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention?

A

They can help reduce the risk of HIV infection in high-risk individuals

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10
Q

How do NRTIs differ from NNRTIs in terms of mechanism of action?

A

NRTIs compete with natural nucleotides, while NNRTIs bind directly to the enzyme

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11
Q

What is the most common route of administration for NRTIs?

A

Oral

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12
Q

What is the recommended frequency for taking NRTIs in HIV treatment?

A

Usually once or twice daily

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13
Q

What is the primary goal of NRTI therapy in HIV-infected individuals?

A

To suppress viral replication and maintain low viral load

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14
Q

What is the significance of NRTIs in reducing HIV-associated morbidity and mortality?

A

They can improve the quality of life and prolong survival in HIV-infected individuals

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15
Q

Name one potential drug interaction with NRTIs.

A

Methadone

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16
Q

What is the importance of adherence to NRTI therapy in HIV treatment?

A

Adherence is crucial to prevent drug resistance and treatment failure

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17
Q

How do NRTIs affect the HIV virus?

A

They inhibit viral replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme

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18
Q

What laboratory tests are typically monitored during NRTI therapy?

A

CD4 cell count and viral load

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19
Q

What is the potential consequence of long-term NRTI use?

A

Development of mitochondrial toxicity

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20
Q

What is the role of NRTIs in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)?

A

They are essential components of cART to suppress HIV replication

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21
Q

How do NRTIs impact the immune system in HIV-infected individuals?

A

They help restore immune function by reducing viral load

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22
Q

What is the significance of NRTIs in preventing HIV drug resistance?

A

They can help prevent the emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains

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23
Q

What type of virus do antiretrovirals target?

A

Antiretrovirals target retroviruses.

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24
Q

True or False: Antiretrovirals can cure HIV/AIDS.

A

False. Antiretrovirals can manage HIV/AIDS but cannot cure it.

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25
Q

What is the main goal of antiretroviral therapy?

A

The main goal of antiretroviral therapy is to reduce the viral load in the body.

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26
Q

What is the most common class of antiretrovirals used in HIV treatment?

A

The most common class of antiretrovirals used in HIV treatment is nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors?

A

Protease inhibitors block the activity of the HIV protease enzyme, preventing the virus from maturing and infecting new cells.

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28
Q

What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral therapy?

A

Combination antiretroviral therapy uses multiple drugs to target the virus at different stages of its life cycle, reducing the risk of drug resistance.

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29
Q

What is the significance of viral load testing in monitoring antiretroviral therapy?

A

Viral load testing measures the amount of HIV in the blood, helping healthcare providers assess treatment effectiveness and disease progression.

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30
Q

What are the common side effects of antiretroviral therapy?

A

Common side effects of antiretroviral therapy include nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and headaches.

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31
Q

What is drug resistance in the context of antiretrovirals?

A

Drug resistance occurs when the HIV virus mutates and becomes less susceptible to the effects of antiretroviral drugs, reducing their effectiveness.

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32
Q

What is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and how does it relate to antiretrovirals?

A

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) involves taking antiretroviral drugs before potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.

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33
Q

What is post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and how does it relate to antiretrovirals?

A

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involves taking antiretroviral drugs after potential exposure to HIV to reduce the risk of infection.

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34
Q

What is the role of integrase inhibitors in antiretroviral therapy?

A

Integrase inhibitors block the action of the HIV integrase enzyme, preventing the virus from integrating its genetic material into the host cell’s DNA.

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35
Q

What is the purpose of boosting agents in antiretroviral therapy?

A

Boosting agents increase the levels of certain antiretroviral drugs in the body, enhancing their effectiveness and reducing the risk of drug resistance.

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36
Q

What is the significance of adherence to antiretroviral therapy?

A

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is crucial to maintain viral suppression, prevent drug resistance, and improve overall health outcomes.

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37
Q

What is the role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in HIV treatment?

A

NNRTIs inhibit the activity of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, preventing the virus from replicating its genetic material.

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38
Q

What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral regimens?

A

Combination antiretroviral regimens combine drugs from different classes to maximize treatment efficacy and minimize side effects.

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39
Q

How does antiretroviral therapy impact HIV transmission?

A

Antiretroviral therapy can reduce the viral load in HIV-positive individuals, lowering the risk of transmitting the virus to others.

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40
Q

What are the key considerations when selecting an antiretroviral regimen?

A

Key considerations include drug interactions, side effects, resistance testing, and patient preferences.

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41
Q

What is the role of entry inhibitors in antiretroviral therapy?

A

Entry inhibitors block the HIV virus from entering the host cell, preventing infection and replication.

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42
Q

How does antiretroviral therapy impact the immune system?

A

Antiretroviral therapy helps restore and maintain immune function by reducing viral replication and preserving CD4 T-cell counts.

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43
Q

What is the importance of resistance testing in antiretroviral therapy?

A

Resistance testing helps identify mutations in the HIV virus that may affect drug efficacy, guiding treatment decisions and preventing treatment failure.

44
Q

What is the significance of viral suppression in antiretroviral therapy?

A

Viral suppression refers to reducing the amount of HIV in the blood to undetectable levels, improving health outcomes and reducing the risk of transmission.

45
Q

What is the role of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in antiretroviral therapy?

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors prevent the HIV virus from converting its RNA into DNA, inhibiting viral replication.

46
Q

What is the impact of drug resistance on antiretroviral therapy?

A

Drug resistance can limit treatment options, reduce treatment effectiveness, and lead to treatment failure if not managed appropriately.

47
Q

How does antiretroviral therapy affect HIV progression to AIDS?

A

Antiretroviral therapy can delay or prevent the progression of HIV infection to AIDS by controlling viral replication and preserving immune function.

48
Q

NRTIs side effects

A

All cause mitochondrial toxicity (myopathy, neuropathy, hepatic steotosis, lactic acidosis)

Tenofovir- nephrotoxicity
Zidovudine- bone marrow suppression
Stavudine & didanosine- pancreatitis
Abacavir- skin rxns (in HLA B* 5701)

49
Q

NRTIs drugs

A

ZALES TD
Zidovudine
Abacavir
Lamivudine
Emtricitabine
Stavudine
Tenofovir
Didanosine

50
Q

NNRTIs side effects

A

Efavirenz, nevirapine - hepatotoxic
Efavirenz- vivid dreams (CNS toxicity)
Efavirenz, delaviridine - teratogenic

51
Q

NNRTIs drugs (—vir—)

A

NEED
Nevirapine
Efavirenz
Etravirine
Delaviridine

52
Q

Integrase inhibitors s/e

A

Rhabdomyolysis (increase in CK and myoglobin in urine)

53
Q

Integrase inhibitors

A

RED
Raltegravir
Elvitegravir
Dolutegravir

54
Q

Protease inhibitors s/e

A

Lipodystrophy
Hyperglycaemia (by inhibiting glut transporter)

Indinavir- crystal induced nephropathy
Ritonavir - cyp inhibitor

55
Q

Fusion/ entry inhibitors

A

Enfuvurtide
Miravorac

56
Q

What type of virus is the Influenza virus?

A

The Influenza virus is a RNA virus.

57
Q

True or False: Influenza viruses are classified into types A, B, C, and D.

A

True

58
Q

What is the main surface protein of the Influenza virus?

A

Hemagglutinin (HA)

59
Q

What is the function of Neuraminidase (NA) in the Influenza virus?

A

Neuraminidase (NA) helps the virus to be released from infected cells.

60
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for the Influenza virus?

A

Respiratory droplets

61
Q

What is the recommended treatment for Influenza infections?

A

Antiviral drugs

62
Q

Which class of antiviral drugs inhibits the release of new viral particles from infected cells?

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors

63
Q

Fill in the blank: ________ is an antiviral drug commonly used for Influenza treatment.

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

64
Q

True or False: Antiviral drugs are effective in treating bacterial infections.

A

False

65
Q

What is the mechanism of action of M2 inhibitors in treating Influenza virus?

A

M2 inhibitors block the ion channel of the virus, preventing viral uncoating.

66
Q

Which antiviral drug is known for its potential resistance due to mutations in the viral M2 protein?

A

Amantadine

67
Q

What is the primary goal of using antiviral drugs for Influenza?

A

To reduce the severity and duration of symptoms.

68
Q

Which antiviral drug is not recommended for use due to high resistance rates in Influenza viruses?

A

Rimantadine

69
Q

Fill in the blank: Influenza viruses can undergo ________ to develop resistance to antiviral drugs.

A

Mutation

70
Q

What is the significance of the Influenza virus’s ability to undergo antigenic drift?

A

Antigenic drift allows the virus to escape immunity from previous infections or vaccinations.

71
Q

True or False: Influenza vaccines can provide lifelong immunity against all strains of the virus.

A

False

72
Q

What is the primary target of Influenza vaccines?

A

The surface proteins Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase.

73
Q

Which type of Influenza vaccine is typically administered via injection?

A

Inactivated influenza vaccine

74
Q

What is the most common side effect of Influenza vaccination?

A

Mild soreness at the injection site

75
Q

Fill in the blank: Influenza vaccines are recommended to be administered ________ before the start of the flu season.

A

2 weeks

76
Q

What is the main challenge in developing an effective Influenza vaccine?

A

The constant antigenic changes in the virus.

77
Q

True or False: Influenza vaccines can cause the recipient to develop the flu.

A

False

78
Q

What is the term for the process of predicting which Influenza strains will circulate in a given season and formulating the vaccine accordingly?

A

Strain selection

79
Q

Which population group is considered a priority for Influenza vaccination?

A

Elderly individuals

80
Q

What is the main benefit of annual Influenza vaccination?

A

To reduce the risk of severe complications and hospitalizations.

81
Q

What type of virus is influenza?

A

Influenza is a RNA virus.

82
Q

What are the main types of influenza virus that infect humans?

A

The main types are influenza A, B, and C.

83
Q

True or False: Influenza A viruses can infect both humans and animals.

A

True

84
Q

What is the main method of transmission for influenza virus?

A

Respiratory droplets.

85
Q

What is the incubation period for influenza virus?

A

1-4 days.

86
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza?

A

Fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue.

87
Q

What is the best way to prevent influenza infection?

A

Vaccination.

88
Q

Which groups of people are recommended to receive an annual influenza vaccine?

A

Children, elderly, pregnant women, healthcare workers.

89
Q

What type of vaccine is the FluMist?

A

Live attenuated influenza vaccine.

90
Q

What is the most common method of influenza vaccine production?

A

Egg-based vaccine production.

91
Q

What is the recommended interval between two doses of the influenza vaccine for children aged 6 months to 8 years receiving the vaccine for the first time?

A

4 weeks.

92
Q

True or False: The influenza vaccine can cause influenza infection.

A

False

93
Q

What is the main target of influenza vaccines?

A

Hemagglutinin protein.

94
Q

What is the purpose of the neuraminidase protein on the surface of influenza virus?

A

Helps release newly formed virus particles from infected cells.

95
Q

What is the most common side effect of the influenza vaccine?

A

Soreness at the injection site.

96
Q

What is the term for a change in the influenza virus that makes it unrecognizable to the immune system?

A

Antigenic drift.

97
Q

What is the term for a major change in the influenza virus that results in a new subtype?

A

Antigenic shift.

98
Q

Which antiviral medications are commonly used to treat influenza infections?

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Zanamivir (Relenza).

99
Q

True or False: Influenza vaccines are 100% effective in preventing influenza infection.

A

False

100
Q

What is the term for the process of updating the influenza vaccine to match circulating strains?

A

Vaccine strain selection.

101
Q

What is the main goal of the World Health Organization’s Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System?

A

To monitor influenza virus activity and recommend vaccine strains.

102
Q

What is the term for the ability of a vaccine to induce an immune response against the target virus?

A

Immunogenicity.

103
Q

What is the term for the ability of a vaccine to protect against disease if exposed to the virus?

A

Efficacy.

104
Q

True or False: Influenza vaccination is recommended for individuals with a severe egg allergy.

A

True

105
Q

Amantadine

A

Uncoating inhibitor
S/E Ataxia, prolong QT (increase risk of torsades de points), lavedo reticularis

106
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors

A

Oseltinavir, zanamavir
Used in influenza A & B
Can be used for prophylaxis in adults and children 5yrs and over
Less than 48hrs of onset

107
Q

Endonuclease inhibitor

A

Baloxavir
Influenza A &B
Use in less than 48 hours of onset

1. Drugs (12 decks)

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