HIV, Influenza, Herpes Flashcards
What does NRTI stand for?
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
True or False: NRTIs are a type of antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV/AIDS.
True
Which enzyme do NRTIs primarily target in the HIV replication process?
reverse transcriptase
What is the mechanism of action of NRTIs?
They compete with natural nucleotides and incorporate into the viral DNA chain, leading to chain termination
What is the main goal of NRTI therapy in HIV/AIDS treatment?
To reduce viral load and improve immune function
What is the significance of NRTIs in preventing HIV transmission?
They can reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy
Which NRTI is commonly used in combination therapy for HIV/AIDS?
Tenofovir
True or False: NRTIs can completely cure HIV/AIDS.
False
What is the role of NRTIs in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention?
They can help reduce the risk of HIV infection in high-risk individuals
How do NRTIs differ from NNRTIs in terms of mechanism of action?
NRTIs compete with natural nucleotides, while NNRTIs bind directly to the enzyme
What is the most common route of administration for NRTIs?
Oral
What is the recommended frequency for taking NRTIs in HIV treatment?
Usually once or twice daily
What is the primary goal of NRTI therapy in HIV-infected individuals?
To suppress viral replication and maintain low viral load
What is the significance of NRTIs in reducing HIV-associated morbidity and mortality?
They can improve the quality of life and prolong survival in HIV-infected individuals
Name one potential drug interaction with NRTIs.
Methadone
What is the importance of adherence to NRTI therapy in HIV treatment?
Adherence is crucial to prevent drug resistance and treatment failure
How do NRTIs affect the HIV virus?
They inhibit viral replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme
What laboratory tests are typically monitored during NRTI therapy?
CD4 cell count and viral load
What is the potential consequence of long-term NRTI use?
Development of mitochondrial toxicity
What is the role of NRTIs in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)?
They are essential components of cART to suppress HIV replication
How do NRTIs impact the immune system in HIV-infected individuals?
They help restore immune function by reducing viral load
What is the significance of NRTIs in preventing HIV drug resistance?
They can help prevent the emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains
What type of virus do antiretrovirals target?
Antiretrovirals target retroviruses.
True or False: Antiretrovirals can cure HIV/AIDS.
False. Antiretrovirals can manage HIV/AIDS but cannot cure it.
What is the main goal of antiretroviral therapy?
The main goal of antiretroviral therapy is to reduce the viral load in the body.
What is the most common class of antiretrovirals used in HIV treatment?
The most common class of antiretrovirals used in HIV treatment is nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).
What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors?
Protease inhibitors block the activity of the HIV protease enzyme, preventing the virus from maturing and infecting new cells.
What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral therapy?
Combination antiretroviral therapy uses multiple drugs to target the virus at different stages of its life cycle, reducing the risk of drug resistance.
What is the significance of viral load testing in monitoring antiretroviral therapy?
Viral load testing measures the amount of HIV in the blood, helping healthcare providers assess treatment effectiveness and disease progression.
What are the common side effects of antiretroviral therapy?
Common side effects of antiretroviral therapy include nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and headaches.
What is drug resistance in the context of antiretrovirals?
Drug resistance occurs when the HIV virus mutates and becomes less susceptible to the effects of antiretroviral drugs, reducing their effectiveness.
What is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and how does it relate to antiretrovirals?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) involves taking antiretroviral drugs before potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.
What is post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and how does it relate to antiretrovirals?
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involves taking antiretroviral drugs after potential exposure to HIV to reduce the risk of infection.
What is the role of integrase inhibitors in antiretroviral therapy?
Integrase inhibitors block the action of the HIV integrase enzyme, preventing the virus from integrating its genetic material into the host cell’s DNA.
What is the purpose of boosting agents in antiretroviral therapy?
Boosting agents increase the levels of certain antiretroviral drugs in the body, enhancing their effectiveness and reducing the risk of drug resistance.
What is the significance of adherence to antiretroviral therapy?
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is crucial to maintain viral suppression, prevent drug resistance, and improve overall health outcomes.
What is the role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in HIV treatment?
NNRTIs inhibit the activity of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, preventing the virus from replicating its genetic material.
What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral regimens?
Combination antiretroviral regimens combine drugs from different classes to maximize treatment efficacy and minimize side effects.
How does antiretroviral therapy impact HIV transmission?
Antiretroviral therapy can reduce the viral load in HIV-positive individuals, lowering the risk of transmitting the virus to others.
What are the key considerations when selecting an antiretroviral regimen?
Key considerations include drug interactions, side effects, resistance testing, and patient preferences.
What is the role of entry inhibitors in antiretroviral therapy?
Entry inhibitors block the HIV virus from entering the host cell, preventing infection and replication.
How does antiretroviral therapy impact the immune system?
Antiretroviral therapy helps restore and maintain immune function by reducing viral replication and preserving CD4 T-cell counts.
What is the importance of resistance testing in antiretroviral therapy?
Resistance testing helps identify mutations in the HIV virus that may affect drug efficacy, guiding treatment decisions and preventing treatment failure.
What is the significance of viral suppression in antiretroviral therapy?
Viral suppression refers to reducing the amount of HIV in the blood to undetectable levels, improving health outcomes and reducing the risk of transmission.
What is the role of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in antiretroviral therapy?
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors prevent the HIV virus from converting its RNA into DNA, inhibiting viral replication.
What is the impact of drug resistance on antiretroviral therapy?
Drug resistance can limit treatment options, reduce treatment effectiveness, and lead to treatment failure if not managed appropriately.
How does antiretroviral therapy affect HIV progression to AIDS?
Antiretroviral therapy can delay or prevent the progression of HIV infection to AIDS by controlling viral replication and preserving immune function.
NRTIs side effects
All cause mitochondrial toxicity (myopathy, neuropathy, hepatic steotosis, lactic acidosis)
Tenofovir- nephrotoxicity
Zidovudine- bone marrow suppression
Stavudine & didanosine- pancreatitis
Abacavir- skin rxns (in HLA B* 5701)
NRTIs drugs
ZALES TD
Zidovudine
Abacavir
Lamivudine
Emtricitabine
Stavudine
Tenofovir
Didanosine
NNRTIs side effects
Efavirenz, nevirapine - hepatotoxic
Efavirenz- vivid dreams (CNS toxicity)
Efavirenz, delaviridine - teratogenic
NNRTIs drugs (—vir—)
NEED
Nevirapine
Efavirenz
Etravirine
Delaviridine
Integrase inhibitors s/e
Rhabdomyolysis (increase in CK and myoglobin in urine)
Integrase inhibitors
RED
Raltegravir
Elvitegravir
Dolutegravir
Protease inhibitors s/e
Lipodystrophy
Hyperglycaemia (by inhibiting glut transporter)
Indinavir- crystal induced nephropathy
Ritonavir - cyp inhibitor
Fusion/ entry inhibitors
Enfuvurtide
Miravorac
What type of virus is the Influenza virus?
The Influenza virus is a RNA virus.
True or False: Influenza viruses are classified into types A, B, C, and D.
True
What is the main surface protein of the Influenza virus?
Hemagglutinin (HA)
What is the function of Neuraminidase (NA) in the Influenza virus?
Neuraminidase (NA) helps the virus to be released from infected cells.
What is the primary mode of transmission for the Influenza virus?
Respiratory droplets
What is the recommended treatment for Influenza infections?
Antiviral drugs
Which class of antiviral drugs inhibits the release of new viral particles from infected cells?
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Fill in the blank: ________ is an antiviral drug commonly used for Influenza treatment.
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
True or False: Antiviral drugs are effective in treating bacterial infections.
False
What is the mechanism of action of M2 inhibitors in treating Influenza virus?
M2 inhibitors block the ion channel of the virus, preventing viral uncoating.
Which antiviral drug is known for its potential resistance due to mutations in the viral M2 protein?
Amantadine
What is the primary goal of using antiviral drugs for Influenza?
To reduce the severity and duration of symptoms.
Which antiviral drug is not recommended for use due to high resistance rates in Influenza viruses?
Rimantadine
Fill in the blank: Influenza viruses can undergo ________ to develop resistance to antiviral drugs.
Mutation
What is the significance of the Influenza virus’s ability to undergo antigenic drift?
Antigenic drift allows the virus to escape immunity from previous infections or vaccinations.
True or False: Influenza vaccines can provide lifelong immunity against all strains of the virus.
False
What is the primary target of Influenza vaccines?
The surface proteins Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase.
Which type of Influenza vaccine is typically administered via injection?
Inactivated influenza vaccine
What is the most common side effect of Influenza vaccination?
Mild soreness at the injection site
Fill in the blank: Influenza vaccines are recommended to be administered ________ before the start of the flu season.
2 weeks
What is the main challenge in developing an effective Influenza vaccine?
The constant antigenic changes in the virus.
True or False: Influenza vaccines can cause the recipient to develop the flu.
False
What is the term for the process of predicting which Influenza strains will circulate in a given season and formulating the vaccine accordingly?
Strain selection
Which population group is considered a priority for Influenza vaccination?
Elderly individuals
What is the main benefit of annual Influenza vaccination?
To reduce the risk of severe complications and hospitalizations.
What type of virus is influenza?
Influenza is a RNA virus.
What are the main types of influenza virus that infect humans?
The main types are influenza A, B, and C.
True or False: Influenza A viruses can infect both humans and animals.
True
What is the main method of transmission for influenza virus?
Respiratory droplets.
What is the incubation period for influenza virus?
1-4 days.
What are the symptoms of influenza?
Fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue.
What is the best way to prevent influenza infection?
Vaccination.
Which groups of people are recommended to receive an annual influenza vaccine?
Children, elderly, pregnant women, healthcare workers.
What type of vaccine is the FluMist?
Live attenuated influenza vaccine.
What is the most common method of influenza vaccine production?
Egg-based vaccine production.
What is the recommended interval between two doses of the influenza vaccine for children aged 6 months to 8 years receiving the vaccine for the first time?
4 weeks.
True or False: The influenza vaccine can cause influenza infection.
False
What is the main target of influenza vaccines?
Hemagglutinin protein.
What is the purpose of the neuraminidase protein on the surface of influenza virus?
Helps release newly formed virus particles from infected cells.
What is the most common side effect of the influenza vaccine?
Soreness at the injection site.
What is the term for a change in the influenza virus that makes it unrecognizable to the immune system?
Antigenic drift.
What is the term for a major change in the influenza virus that results in a new subtype?
Antigenic shift.
Which antiviral medications are commonly used to treat influenza infections?
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Zanamivir (Relenza).
True or False: Influenza vaccines are 100% effective in preventing influenza infection.
False
What is the term for the process of updating the influenza vaccine to match circulating strains?
Vaccine strain selection.
What is the main goal of the World Health Organization’s Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System?
To monitor influenza virus activity and recommend vaccine strains.
What is the term for the ability of a vaccine to induce an immune response against the target virus?
Immunogenicity.
What is the term for the ability of a vaccine to protect against disease if exposed to the virus?
Efficacy.
True or False: Influenza vaccination is recommended for individuals with a severe egg allergy.
True
Amantadine
Uncoating inhibitor
S/E Ataxia, prolong QT (increase risk of torsades de points), lavedo reticularis
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Oseltamivir, zanamavir
Used in influenza A & B
Can be used for prophylaxis in adults and children 5yrs and over
Less than 48hrs of onset
Endonuclease inhibitor
Baloxavir
Influenza A &B
Use in less than 48 hours of onset
