Anticancer

Question 1

Quiescence

Answer 1

G0 phase in which cells are not dividing

Question 2

Mitosis

Answer 2

—Prophase chromosomes appear condensed and nuclear envelope breaks down
—Metaphase microtubules from centrioles align chromosomes in the middle
—Anaphase chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides
—-Telophase & cytokinesis nuclear membrane forms around separated xsomes and cell wall pinch off

After, new cells return to G1 to divide again or go into Go phase

Question 3

Checkpoints

Answer 3

Surveillance mechanisms to ensure each phase completes properly before next. Some cells can bypass these like cancer
G1
G2
M

Question 4

Bleomycin

Answer 4

Anti cancer antibiotic works by free oxygen radicals formation
Used for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, squamous cell carcinomas, testicular cancer

SE skin hyperpigmentation, mucositis/stimatitis, pulmonary fibrosis

Question 5

Dactomycin (actinomycin D)

Answer 5

Anti cancer antibiotic
Topoisomerase inhibitor and free oxygen radical formation
-Used pediatric cancer, erwings sarcoma

SE bone marrow suppression

Question 6

Anthracyclines

Answer 6

Doxorubicin, daunorubicin
Topoisomerase inhibitor and free radical formation

Lymphoma, solid tumors, thyroid cancer, leukemia

SE bone marrow suppression, dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 7

Alkylating agents

Answer 7

Adds alkyl group to guanine and is not cell cycle specific
-Cyclophosmamide (are nitrogen mustards prodrug) eg ifosmide, mechlorethamine
-Busulfan
-Nitrosoureas (can cross BBB) so used for brain turmors
-Procarbozine (mechanism unknown)

Question 8

Nitrosoureas

Answer 8

Carmustine, Lomustine and streptozocin
Require activation by cyp450
Can cross BBB so used for brain tumors like glioblastoma multiforme
SE Convulsions, seizures and ataxia

Question 9

Cell cycle

Answer 9

1. Interphase
   Go no growth or resting
   G1 grows and does function
   S DNA replication
   G2 cell grows
2. Mitosis
   PMAT and c

Question 10

Monofunctional alkylating agents

Answer 10

Alkylate single site
Can cause carcinogenesis(cause DNS repair will be attempted) or cell death
Eg procarbazine, carmustine, dacarbazine, streptozocin, temozolomide

Question 11

Bifunctional alkylating agents

Answer 11

Cross linking of 2 guanine bases causing cross bridges on DNA
So DNA cannot separate for transcription wc can lead to cell death

Question 12

Nitrogen mustard

Answer 12

Cyclophosphamide, ifosmide and mechlorethamine
Used in leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer
SLE, MS, small vessel vasculitis

Nitrogen mustard can cause SIADH(water retention)
SE all AA bone marrow suppression, hair loss. GI problems, infertility, leukamia or other cancers, teratogenic

Question 13

Cyclophosphamide

Answer 13

Prodrugs, forms carbonium with guanine N7

Acrolein (toxic metabolite)
Causes bladder cancer and hemorrhagic cystitis which can be prevented by fluid intake and use of SH donors eg mesna or sodium 2 mercaptoethane sulfonate

Question 14

Busulfan

Answer 14

Not prodrug
Release methyl and highly toxic to bone marrow
Leukemia
Used before bone transplant to kill both cancer and healthy bones to make room for new one

SE pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentation, bone marrow suppression

Question 15

Procarbozine

Answer 15

It’s a monofunctional AA
Mechanism unknown
Hodgkin lymphoma and brain tumor

Avoid food rich in tyramine such as cheese, chocolate etc

SE cause leukamia, disulfiram like reaction, bone marrow suppression, pulmonary fibrosis

Question 16

Side effects of AA

Answer 16

Teratogenic, infertility , hair loss, bone marrow suppression and risk of developing tumors