HISTORY OF NURSING

Question 1

PERIODS OF NURSING: The four great periods of nursing are:

Answer 1

1. Intuitive nursing– prehistoric time–Christian era (early)
2. Apprentice nursing– 11th century to 1836.
3. Educated nursing– 1860 -1945.
4. Contemporary nursing– began at the end of world war 2 (1945) to present

Question 2

prehistoric time–Christian era (early)

Answer 2

Intuitive nursing–

Question 3

11th century to 1836.

Answer 3

Apprentice nursing

Question 4

1860 -1945.

Answer 4

Educated nursing

Question 5

began at the end of world war 2 (1945) to present

Answer 5

4. Contemporary nursing–

Question 6

 Intuition: “Snap judgment”
 Nursing was untaught and instinctive.
 It was performed out of wish of to help others.
 Ancient people led a nomadic life creaming from place to place
 Weapons: Stone, used to make fire.
 Nature worshippers.
 Their belief is known as animism and the period as Stone Age.

Answer 6

NURSING IN PRE-HISTORIC TIMES: PERIOD OF INTUITION

Question 7

1. Invasion of the victim’s body of evil spirit, devils, offended god.
2. Supernatural powers of the human enemy.
3. Displeasure of the death, own sin.
4. Sorcery-A sorcerer had the ability to use magical ritual formulas
5. Magic-Black and white magic
6. Invasion of a disease object
7. Loss of the soul-the soul could entice to leave the body by an
   evil spirit or a sorcerer.
8. It was believed that soul leaves the body during the period of
   dreaming, submission resulted in the attitude of what cannot be
   cured must be endured, sacrifice involved animal and human,
   supplication was expressed through prayer.

Answer 7

BELIEFS OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLE

Question 8

 The treatment was done by Shaman, medicine man or witch doctor or priest physician.
 Startling the evil spirit with a frightening mask and deafening noises instead of giving rest to
patient.
 Jolting the person by shaking, biting, punching and kicking.
 Using noxious odors
 Giving purgatives and emetics.
 Plunging them in hot and cold water.
 Pacifying the evil spirit by sacrifice.
 Use of chants and mantras.
 Used certain herbal medicines [e.g. tree bark for rheumatism]
 Trephining the skull with stone if the above methods failed.
 More than all of this, healing depends on the faith of the person.
 Preventive measures: Amulets and Talismans for good luck

Answer 8

PRACTICE OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLE

Question 8

 The treatment was done by Shaman, medicine man or witch doctor or priest physician.
 Startling the evil spirit with a frightening mask and deafening noises instead of giving rest to
patient.
 Jolting the person by shaking, biting, punching and kicking.
 Using noxious odors
 Giving purgatives and emetics.
 Plunging them in hot and cold water.
 Pacifying the evil spirit by sacrifice.
 Use of chants and mantras.
 Used certain herbal medicines [e.g. tree bark for rheumatism]
 Trephining the skull with stone if the above methods failed.
 More than all of this, healing depends on the faith of the person.
 Preventive measures: Amulets and Talismans for good luck

Answer 8

PRACTICE OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLE

Question 9

 Massage, Fomentation, Bone setting,
Amputations, Hot and cold baths,
Abdominal sections, Heat to control
hemorrhage

Answer 9

SKILLS OF PRIMITIVE MAN

Question 10

Ancient people had family set up. The men were hunters and hard workers. The women were to
stay at home and looked after the children. When anybody gets sick, the women were to take
care of them as men had no time. Thus, they were ____________

Answer 10

the early nurses.

Question 11

The cradle of civilization. Babylonian empire was founded by King Hammurabi.
 The priests made their diagnosis and prognosis by observing various objects such as the
behavior of animals, flow of water in rivers, shape of oil on water surfaces, irregularity of an
animal liver, smoke from a burning fire, personal dreams, difficulty in delivery was considered
to be the result of wrong doing.
 CODE OF HAMMURABI- Provided laws that covered every facet of Babylonian life including
medical practice, patient’s right to choose between the use of charms, medications or surgical
procedure to cure his disease and the punishment for doctor if patient dies.
 Treatment methods include incantations and by the application of certain herbs.
 The animal scapegoat was sacrificed, human beings were also sacrificed quite often.
 From hepatoscopy, the Babylonians learned the structure of the liver and gall bladder and
their clay models is excellent anatomical specimen.
 A Team approach was used to treat the sick person. Physician, Nurse, Pharmacist. Focus on
spiritual care

Answer 11

BABYLON/MESOPOTAMIA [IRAQ 4000 TO 3000 B

Question 12

Medical Records: Eber’s Papyrus: World’s oldest medical record: 1600 BC
 Priest Physician Imhotep, healing temples were built in his name.
 The Egyptians developed the art of embalming or
mummifying
 Hygiene: separated areas of the Nile River used for drinking
hygiene and sanitation.
 Adequate system of drainage, water supply and inspection of
slaughter houses.
 In Egypt, they had medical laws as fixed codes. Scope of
practice for doctors.
 Hired nurses to assist in childbirth.
 Egyptian pharmacopeia included innumerable drugs. They
could prepare some drugs for eye conditions and surgery.
 Prayer and sacrifice
 Calendars, recorded over 250 diseases

Answer 12

EGYPT

Question 13

The Hebrews book of Genesis emphasized the teachings of Judaism regarding hospitality.
 Old Testament’s laws and principles of sanitation in accordance with modern bacteriology.
 The ritual of circumcision of the male child on the 8
th day
 Disposal of excreta by burial with enough sand.
 Moses is recognized as the “Father of Sanitation”.
 The high priest Aaron was established as the physician of people.
 Ancient Hebrew nurses had a high position and participated carefully in planned programmers
of visiting the sick at the homes and caring for them.
 Hebrew nurses were active in promoting and maintaining physical, mental and community
health and they continued their service in health maintenance and health education.
 Blood had symbolic cleansing power, and animal sacrifice was a regular priestly duty.
 Rules governed women during menstruation, pregnancy and childbirth.
 Women nursed the sick, cared for the young, and held a place of honor in the home.
 Believed in reincarnation (rebirth of the soul into human or animal form)
 The Vedas (Sacred book) promoted hygienic practice, offered magical cures for disease and
infertility and revealed a team approach to health care.

Answer 13

PALESTINE (ISRAEL)

Question 14

The Chinese were well advanced in Medicine and surgery, used systematic method in Diagnosis.
 Chinese materia medical (pharmacology) method of treating wounds, infection & afflictions.
 Emperor Shen Nung: father of Chinese medicine and the inventor of acupuncture technique.
 Dissection was permitted: Good description of the internal organs and circulation
 Prepared medicines from vegetables and animals and practiced vaccination- early 1000BC
 Physiotherapy, treatment with massage and exercises using heat, light, water and electricity.
 They were aware of syphilis and Gonorrhea which are sexually transmitted disease.
 Anemia Treatment with the inclusion of Liver in their diet and thyroid-iodine, leprosy-neem oil.
 Healing halls next to the temple where the sick prayed for healing.
 Acupuncture was done as analgesia and was a specialty for them
 Opium and its derivatives were also used to relieve pain.
 Tea drinking was encouraged as a precaution against intestinal infections.
 Much importance was given to cleanliness and hygiene.
 Bloodletting, use of herbal medicine, Moxibustion, smallpox vaccine, castration of males,

Answer 14

CHINA

Question 15

The Greeks were true founders of true medical science: Divine origin. Apollo: God of Health
and Medicine, temples were built in his memory. Asklepios: son of Apollo, god of healing, a
great chief healer. Trotula wrote the first nursing textbook on the cure of women’s diseases.
 Hygeia-Goddess of health, Panacea-Restorer of health, Eagle-Light of the sun, MeditranaPreserver of health (forerunner of public health nurse), Iaso-personified recovery from
illness.
 Patient will sleep and, in a dream, God Asclepius himself would reveal the drugs to be given.
 Temple buildings (Latrions and Xenodochias) were made of marble, used as hospital wards
where nurses cared for the sick. Nursing was the task of untrained slaves.
 Practices: Massage, Inunction, Catharsis (purgation), Bloodletting with diet regulation,
allowednon-poisonous snakes to lick the wounds as a cleansing treatment.
 Prohibited Dissection- delay in advancement due to lack of knowledge about human anatomy
 Hippocrates: The father of scientific medicine (Observe, Study, Evaluate, Assist). Rejection of
all beliefs in the supernatural origin of diseases Medicine: Hippocratic Oath- basis for
Nightingale’s pledge.
 Symbol of Caduceus: It is the insignia of the medical profession.

Answer 15

GREECE

Question 16

Pleasing gods brought health & prosperity, but displeasing them brought sickness & death.
 Aretaeus, Pedanius, Celsus and Pliny.
 Women nursed sick family members, served as midwives.
 The origin of the term “nosocomial” infections
 Acquired their knowledge of medicine from the Greeks, translated Greek medical
terminologies into Latin terms, opened schools to teach medicine, developed military
medicine.
 The Romans are the best known for advances in public health: Had paved roads and
bridges, drinking water by aqueduct, drainage and sewage system, public baths, public
dispensary. Also permitted dissection.
 Malaria was the dreaded disease which was prevalent in Rome.
 With the advent of Christianity, deacons and deaconates performed the duties of the nurses.
 The order of Deaconeness endeavored to practice the corporal works of mercy (Feed the
hungry, give water to thirsty, clothed the naked, visit the imprisoned, shelter the homeless,
care the sick, bury the dead).

Answer 16

ITALY AND ROME

Question 17

The __________ had religious law regarding physical health.
 The Zend-Avesta was their sacred book written by Zoroaster who lived about 600 BC
 Fire, Earth and Water was considered as sacred elements, and among these, fire was purest.
 The Persians also believed that the evil spirit was the cause of illness and they had three types
of practitioners. 1. Those who treat with knife and heal were called as surgeons. They were
less popular, 2. Those who treat with herbs and heal, 3. Those who treat with prayer, holy
words and heal. They were highly popular.

Answer 17

Persia (Iran)

Question 18

 Mayas practiced human sacrifices to cure illness. At certain sacrificial ceremonies, they
removed the hearts of living adults and children.
 The Incas and Aztecs were the other group and they were skilled engineers and built roads
and suspension bridges.
 They also had superstition and believed that disease is caused by the displeasure of Gods.
 Warriors wore protective charms and purified their bodies with sweats and mineral baths.
 Shamans and priests performed healing rituals.
 Women were respected, assisted with childbirth, and nursed the sick and the elderly.
 Diseases were prevalent and treated with: Blood-letting, cupping or sucking, massaging,
sweating, splinting, setting of bones, tooth extraction, amputation, suturing, bandaging and
trephining.

Answer 18

ANCIENT AMERICANS

Question 19

 Extended from the founding of religious orders in the
6
th century through the crusade which began in the
11th century to 1836.
 The Deacons school of nursing at Kaiserswerth,
Germany established by Pastor Fliedner and his wife.
It is the period of on the job training desired of person
to be trained. Its most famous student was Florence
Nightingale (1820-1910).

Answer 19

PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP NURSING OR CHRISTIAN ERA (1000-1500 AD)

Question 20

 RELIGION AND WARS
 MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS
 SECULAR ORDERS
 ALEXIAN BROTHERS
 KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS

Answer 20

INFLUENCE OF RELIGION

Question 21

He was from a wealthy Spanish family and
becamethe leader of the Dominicans.

Answer 21

St. Dominic of Guzman (1170-1221)

Question 22

Founder of the Franciscans order. He
belonged to a middleclass family in Italy and once when he was ill he got an inner feeling
that he should follow Christianity.

Answer 22

St. Francis de sales of Assisi (1186-1226)

Question 23

She was from a rich and noble family in Assisi. The life and
teachingof St. Francis influenced her and she became a nun and founded the 2nd
Franciscan order known as the Poor Clare’s’.

Answer 23

St. Clare (1194-1253)

Question 24

: Several kings and Queens joined in this order.
 Elizabeth of Hungary: Patroness of nurses,
 Catherine of Siena: First lady with a lamp
 Isabella of France, Anne of Bohemia, Brigit of Sweden, Louis of France

Answer 24

THIRD ORDER

Question 25

Composed of lay nurses who devoted their lives to the service of
sufferinghumanity. It was founded in 1170 by a Priest, Lambert Le Begue. They supported
them or received help from the society’s funds.

Answer 25

THE BEGUINES

Question 26

A layperson dedicated to religious life

Answer 26

OBLATES

Question 27

A monk or nun belonging to the order founded by Saint
Benedict.

Answer 27

 BENEDICTINES

Question 28

started by Saint Vincent de Paul in France in
1633.

Answer 28

THE SISTERS OF CHARITY

Question 29

 Nursing experienced a ________ from the end of
17th century to the 19th century from the period of
reformation until the U.S Civil war.
 The religious upheaval led by Martin Luther
destroyed the unity of the Christian faith.
 Disturbed political conditions, Abolition of hospitals
 Rapid deterioration in the care of the sick.
 Protestantism wept away everything connected with Roman Catholicism in schools,
orphanages and hospitals.
 No provisions for the sick, nursing became the work of the least desirable women.
 Women who took bribes from patients and nurses stole the patient’s food, they used
alcohol as a tranquilizer.
 Nurses worked 7 days a week, slept in cubbyhole near the hospital ward or patient and
ate scrapes of food when they could find them.
 Dead bodies and delirious patients were also kept side by side with the suffering patients

Answer 29

Dark Period of Nursing

Question 30

1. St. Vincent de Paul (1576-1660)- He was a catholic priest did who did missionary service among
   galley slaves. He has the founder of the order of sister of charity in 1633
2. Mille-Le-Gras- Sr. Louise de Marillac- She had visited the poor and sick with
   a group of women volunteers and served them in her home tow
3. John Howard (1727-1789) - He was a prison reformer.
4. Elizabeth Gurney Fry (1780-1845)- After 25 years of John Howard’s death,
   the next step in the history of the prison reform was taken by Elizabeth.
5. Amelia Sieveking- She was prominent in the women’s movement, took care of the
   cholera patients, active in making better housing for low income groups.
6. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)- He wrote humorous stories about SairyGamp- a private
   duty nurse, lack of education and the bad habits of the nurses at that time. These
   writings helped the public to be aware of the need for reforms.
7. Dorothea Lynda Dix (1802-1887)- In America, she cared for the criminal and the mentally ill.
8. Mother Mary Aikenhand- She established the Irish sister of charity to bring back into nursing,
   the dedication to the early Christian era.
9. Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika Munster Fliedner - Established the institute for the
   training of Deaconates at Kaiserwerth, Germany, the first organized school for nurses.

Answer 30

LEADERS WHO LED THE REFORMS DURING THE DARK PERIOD

Question 31

This period began on June 15, 1860 when the Florence Nightingale school of Nursing opened
with 15 students at St. Thomas Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the
world. She was the founder of Modern Nursing. She was also known as the “Lady with the Lamp”
after the habit of making rounds at night to tend injured soldiers.

Answer 31

PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING (NIGHTINGALE’S ERA)

Question 32

1. Linda Richards-first graduate/trained nurse in the U.S. who introduced Nurses notes and
   doctor’s orders, initiated nursing uniforms
2. Dr. William Halsted- designed the first rubber gloves and wife Caroline Hampton Robb -the
   first to wear rubber gloves while working as an operating room nurse.
3. Isabel Hampton Robb-the first principal of the John Hopkins Hospitals school of Nursing.
4. Clara Louise Maas-engaged in medical research on yellow fever (Spanish American War).
5. Edith Cavell-known as Mata Hair, served the wounded soldiers during World War 1
6. Harriet Tubman- “Moses of her people”, nursed the sick during the civil war
7. Sojourner Truth- preacher, women’s rights advocate, cared for slaves during the civil war.
8. Clara Barton- Established the American Red cross, convinced congress to ratify the treaty of
   Geneva so Red cross could perform humanitarian acts.
9. Mary Mahoney- first African American professional Nurse.
10. Lillian Wald- Founder of Public Health Nursing
11. Lavinia Dock- Feminist, prolific writer, political activist, pushed for nursing legislation
12. Margaret Higgins Sanger- Public health nurse in NY, founder of Planned parenthood.
13. Mary Breckinridge- established Frontier Nursing Service, started the first midwifery training
    school in US
14. Luther Christman- One of the founders of American Academy of Nursing

Answer 32

OTHER IMPORTANT PERSONAGES DURING THIS PERIOD

Question 33

This covers the period after World War 2 to present. Scientific and technological developments
as well as social changes marked this period. Nursing raised as a profession.

Answer 33

PERIOD OF CONTEMPERARY NURSING

Question 34

Nursing evolved toward a scientific research-based defined body of nursing, knowledge and
practice. Affiliation of nursing education with universities.
 Advanced practice roles, Nursing specializations evolved, specialty nursing organizations.
 Establishment of voluntary health agencies: UNICEF (1946), WHO (1948)
 Peace Corps 1961 were formed to assist in fighting disease by providing health information
and improving nutrition, living standards and environmental condition of all people.
 Progress in transportation; use of ambulances, helicopter etc., progress in communication
telephone, motion pictures, radio and television are used as teaching aids.
 Technological Advancement: Ultrasound in diagnosing and treating diseases, atomic age-use
of radioactive isotopes for medical research, artificial respirators for polio patients, discovery
of sulfa drugs, PCN and insulin, chemotherapy became a vital factor in medical science, cool
air machine, refrigeration, air mattresses and water mattresses, electronic beds.
 Maternity and mental patients got special attention.

Answer 34

TWENTIETH CENTURY

Question 35

 Nurse’s code of ethics was revised in 2001 to reflect current ethical issues.
 Use of atomic energy for medical diagnosis and treatment.
 Utilization of computers for collecting data, teaching, establishing, diagnosis, maintaining
inventory, making par rolls, record keeping and billing.
 Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.
 The advent of space medicine also brought about the development of aerospace nursing.
 Nursing involvement in community health.
 Health was perceived as a fundamental human right. Laws were legislated to provide such
right.
 Development of expanded role of the nurse; the nurse is constantly assuming responsibilities
in patient care which were formerly the sole prerogative of the physician.

Answer 35

TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Question 36

1. ECONOMICS
2. CONSUMER DEMANDS
3. FAMILY STRUCTURE
4. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
5. INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
6. LEGISLATION
7. DEMOGRAPHY
8. CURRENT NURSING SHORTAGE
9. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING

Answer 36

FACTORS INFLUENCING CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE

Question 37

Disease and treatment were shrouded with mysticism and superstition.
 Another person/ evil spirit is the cause of the disease.
 Evil spirits could be driven away by persons with power to expel
demons.
 Believed in the special gods of healing; with the priest physicians and
herb physician (herbolarios) who used leaves and roots.
 Herbecheros (mangkukulam or mangangaway) are persons who
practice witchcraft.
 Difficult childbirth and some diseases called “pamao” were attributed
to “nonos”.
 During labor and childbirth, the “mabuting hilot” was called in.
 During difficult labor, gunpowder was exploded from a bamboo cane
close to the head of the sufferer to disperse evil spirit.

Answer 37

History of Nursing in the Philippines - Early Beliefs and Practices

Question 38

1. Hospital Real De Manila (1577): It was established mainly for the care of the Spanish king
   soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande.
2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578): Founded by Brother Juan Clemente, built exclusively for
   patients with leprosy.
3. Hospital de Indios (1586): Established by the Franciscan Order; service was in general
   supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons.
4. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590): Established in Laguna near a medicinal spring, founded
   by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order.
5. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596): Founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia. Currently,
   this is run by the Daughters of Charity.

Answer 38

Earliest Hospitals:

Question 39

1. Josephine Bracken- she installed a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros; provided
   nursing care to the wounded night and day.
2. Mrs. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero- converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers during
   the Phil-American War in 1899.
3. Dona Hilaria De Aguinaldo– wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, organized the Filipino Red Cross under
   the inspiration of Mabini.
4. Dona Maria Agoncillo De Aguinaldo– 2nd wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, provided nursing care to
   Filipino soldiers during the revolution. President of the Filipino Red Cross in Batangas Branch
5. Melchora Aquino (Tandang sora)- nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them
   shelter and food.
6. Capitan Salome- a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; Provided nursing care to the
   wounded when not in combat.
   NCM 103: FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING USI Vincentian Learning Module
   Module 3: Nursing as a Profession 12
7. Agueda Kahabagan- revolutionary leader in Laguna; provided nursing services to her troops.
8. Trinidad Tecson (Ina ng Biak na Bato)- stayed in the hospital at Biak na Bato to care for the
   wounded soldiers

Answer 39

Prominent Persons involved in Nursing Work

Question 40

_____ was the National Headquarters; branches were established in provinces.

Answer 40

Malolos

Question 41

Functions of the Red Cross include collection of war funds and materials through
concerts, charity bazaars and voluntary contributions and the provision of nursing care to
the wounded _________ ________

Answer 41

Filipino soldier

Question 42

Filipino Red Cross Requirements for Membership

Answer 42

: At least 14 years old for members, 25 years old for
officers, of sound reputation.

Question 43

 Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo, 1906)
 St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
 Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907)
 St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing
 Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
 Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing
 San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing
 Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913)
 Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)

Answer 43

HOSPITALS AND NURSING SCHOOLS

Question 44

Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)
 Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)
 Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923)
 Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing (1930)
 St. Paul’s School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946)
 North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946)
 Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)
 University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)
 Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)
 University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948)

Answer 44

SCHOOLS OF NURSING

Question 45

1. Anastacia Giron Tupas: First Filipino nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse and
   Superintendent. Founder of the Philippine Nurses Association
2. Cesaria Tan: The first Filipino to receive a Masteral Degree in Nursing abroad.
3. Socorro Sirilan: Pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was
   the Chief Nurse.
4. Rosa Militar: A Pioneer in School Health Nursing.
5. Sor Ricarda Mendoza: A Pioneer in Nursing Education.
6. Socorro Diaz: First editor of the PNA magazine called “The Message”

Answer 45

NURSING LEADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES:

Question 46

We envision USI-College of Nursing to be the Premier Catholic School of Nursing in Bicol Region
forming Caring, globally competent Vincentian Nurses who are agents of social transformation.

Answer 46

USI COLLEGE OF NURSING VISION

Question 47

To form and empower future Vincentian nurses who are socially conscious and responsive to the
needs of time and serve as leaders in the field of nursing practice, research and community
extension services.

Answer 47

USI COLLEGE OF NURSING MISSION

Question 48

To produce a beginning Vincentian professional nurse who has imbibed values and the nursing
core competencies expected of the profession, who can function independently and
interdependently as a member of the interdisciplinary/ health team, and who is ethically, socially
conscious and responsive to the needs of community and the country in the light of global
concerns.

Answer 48

Goal

Question 49

She is the first lady with a lamp

Answer 49

St. Catherine of Siena

Question 50

Who invented the first rubber gloves?

Answer 50

Dr. William Halsted

Question 51

Who established the American Red Cross?

Answer 51

Clara Barton

Question 52

Who is the founder of the Philippine Nurses Association? *

Answer 52

Anastacia Giron Tupas

Question 53

What was the name of the fictional character, created by Charles Dickens who
portrayed the lack of education and bad habits of a nurse?

Answer 53

Sairy Gamp

Question 54

The Filipino Red Cross’ criteria for membership includes

Answer 54

At least 14 years old for Members
At least 25 years old for Officers
Of Sound Reputation

Question 55

Which era in nursing history includes the use of sophisticated equipment for
diagnosis, treatment and delivery of health care services?

Answer 55

Contemporary Nursing

Question 56

The current year (2022) marks the _____ Anniversary of Universidad de Sta.
Isabel’s College of Nursing.

Answer 56

57th

Question 57

What period in history marked the dark age of Nursing?

Answer 57

The Renaissance

Question 58

Who defined Nursing as the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to
assist him in his recovery?

Answer 58

Florence Nightingale

Question 59

Who was regarded as “ The Moses of Her people”, who worked with the
underground railroad and nursed the sick and the suffering during the Civil war?

Answer 59

Harriet Tubman

Question 60

The world’s oldest medical record dates back to 1600 BC and was named
________________.
*

Answer 60

Eber’s Papyrus

Question 61

In intuitive Nursing, what was the practice of primitive people in managing sick
people that were believed to be possessed by evil spirits?

Answer 61

Startling the sick by the use of frightening masks and deafening noises

Question 62

Who is responsible for prison reform by making letters and reports to authorities
after experiencing the filthy conditions of jails in France where he was
imprisoned?

Answer 62

John Howard

Question 63

Who was the public health nurse responsible for planned parenthood by
establishing the first birth control clinic in America?

Answer 63

Margaret Higgins Sanger

Question 64

Who is regarded as the “Father of Medicine”? He discovered that diseases are due
to disordered function of the body and were not caused by evil spirits.

Answer 64

Hippocrates

Question 65

Introduced by the Chinese people, this practice involves burning of mounds of
plant fiber on the meridians of the body until blisters form.

Answer 65

Acupuncture

Question 66

Which part of the caduceus symbolizes speed at work which all health
professionals should posses?

Answer 66

Wings

Question 67

In Prehistoric Times, illness is believed to be caused by the following

Answer 67

Sorcery and Magic
Offended God
Loss of the soul