Body Mechanics Flashcards
involves the coordinated effort of muscles,
bones, and the nervous system to maintain balance,
posture, and alignment during moving, transferring, and
positioning patients.
Body mechanics
The wider the base of
support,
the greater the
stability.
The lower the center of
gravity,
the greater the
stability.
The equilibrium of an
object is maintained as long
as the
line of gravity passes
through its base of support.
Facing the
_______ __ ______ prevents
abnormal twisting of
the spine.
direction of
movement
e. Dividing balanced activity
between ____ __ ___ reduces
the risk of back injury.
arms and legs
It is easier to pull, push, or
roll an object than it is to ____
lift it
Movements should be smooth
and coordinated rather than
jerky
requires
coordinated muscle activity and
neurologic integration.
Body movement
Body Movement requires four basic elements
Body alignment (posture)
Joint mobility
Balance
Coordinated movement
bring body
parts into position in a
manner that promotes
optimal balance and
maximal body function
whether the client is
standing, sitting, or lying
down.
Proper body alignment
and posture
is the maximum movement
that is possible for that joint.
ROM varies from individual to
individual and is determined by
genetic makeup, developmental
patterns, the presence or
absence of disease, and the
amount of physical activity in
which the person normally
engages.
Range of motion (ROM) of a
joint
The mechanisms involved in maintaining
_____ and _____ are complex and
involve informational inputs from the
labyrinth (inner ear), from vision
(vestibulo-ocular input), and from stretch
receptors of muscles and tendons
(vestibulospinal input). Mechanisms of
equilibrium respond frequently without
awareness.
balance and posture
is the term used to describe
awareness of posture, movement, and
changes in equilibrium and the knowledge of
position, weight, and resistance of objects in
relation to the body.
Proprioception
is the result of proper
functioning of the cerebral cortex,
cerebellum, and basal ganglia.
Balanced, smooth, purposeful
movement
The ______ ______ initiates voluntary
movement,
cerebral cortex
the ____________ coordinates
motor activity
cerebellum
maintain posture.
basal ganglia
(dynamic)
exercises are those in which
the muscle shortens to
produce muscle contraction
and active movement.
Isotonic
TRUE OF FALSE? During isotonic exercise, both
heart rate and cardiac output
quicken to increase blood flow
to all parts of the body.
TRUE
Example of Isotonic Exercises
walking, running, hiking, swimming, skiing, and dancing
exercises are those
in which there is muscle
contraction without moving
the joint (muscle length does
not change).
Isometric (static or
setting)
are useful
for strengthening abdominal,
gluteal, and quadriceps
muscles used for walking;
strengthening muscles
immobilized in casts or by
traction; and for endurance
training. (glute bridge, plank pose, wall sit, side plank pose)
Isometric exercises
(resistive)
exercises involve
muscle contraction or
tension against
resistance.
exercises are
done for physical
conditioning and to
build up certain muscle
groups.
Isokinetic (resistive)
is
activity during which the
amount of oxygen taken
in the body is greater
than that used to
perform the activity.
Aerobic Exercises
involves activity in which
the muscles cannot draw
enough oxygen from the
bloodstream, and
anaerobic pathways are
used to provide additional
energy for a short time.
This type of exercise is
used in endurance training
for athletes, such as weight
lifting and sprinting.
Anaerobic exercise
Growth and development
Nutrition
Personal values and attitudes
Certain external factors (such as temperature, humidity, availability of
recreational facilities, and safety of the neighborhood)
Prescribed limitations (such as casts, braces, traction, and activity restrictions,
including bed rest)
Factors that affect an individual’s body alignment, mobility, and
daily activity level:
Assessment relative to a client’s activity
and exercise should include:
Nursing history
Physical examination of body alignment,
gait, appearance and movement of
joints, capabilities and limitations for
movement, muscle mass and strength,
activity tolerance, problems related to
immobility, and physical fitness.
If the client indicates a recent pattern of change, a more detailed
history should include:
The specific nature of the problem
When it first began
Frequency
Causes, if known
How the problem affects daily living
What the client is doing to cope with the problem
Whether these methods have been successful
Activity Intolerance
Risk for Activity Intolerance
Impaired Physical Mobility
Sedentary Lifestyle
Risk for Disuse Syndrome
For activity and exercise problems:
Fear (of falling)
Ineffective Coping
Situational Low Self-Esteem
Powerlessness
Risk for Falls
Self-Care Deficit
Impaired Physical Mobility becomes the etiology of other diagnoses:
Ineffective Airway Clearance
Risk for Infection
Risk for Injury
Risk for Disturbed Sleep Pattern
Risk for Situational Low Self-Esteem
Prolonged immobility may lead to:
When a nurse assists a
person to move, _______ ________ __________need to
be employed so that the
nurse is not injured.
correct
body mechanics
Before moving a client,
assess the degree of exertion permitted, the client’s physical abilities
If indicated, use ____________________ prior to moving the client.
pain relief modalities or medication
Prepare any needed
assistive devices and supportive equipment(e.g., pillows,
trochanter roll).
______________________ such as an IV or heavy cast.
Plan around encumbrances to movement
_______ _______ ___________ __________ the client takes that may impair alertness,
balance, strength, or mobility.
Be alert to the effects of any medications
Assess for ________________________________________ and return the
client to the supine position if necessary
signs and symptoms of postural
(orthostatic) hypotension
Active ROM exercises are
isotonic
exercises
The client moves each joint in the body
through its complete range of movement,
maximally stretching all muscle groups
within each plane over the joint.
Active ROM exercises
Another person moves each of the
client’s joints through its complete
range of movement
Passive ROM
The client uses a stronger, opposite arm or
leg to move each of the joints of a limb
incapable of active motion.
The client learns to support and move the
weak arm or leg with the strong arm or leg
as far as possible. Then the nurse continues
the movement passively to its maximal
degree.
Such exercise is especially useful for stroke
clients who have had a stroke and are
hemiplegic (paralyzed on one-half of the
body).
During active-assistive ROM exercises:
- Lower the bed and ensure that brakes are applied. Place the
wheelchair next to the bed at a _________ angle and apply brakes. If a
patient has weakness on one side, place the wheelchair on the strong
side.
45 degree
After moving the client,
determine and document
the client’s comfort (presence of anxiety, dizziness, or
pain), body alignment, tolerance of the activity (e.g.,
check pulse rate, blood pressure), ability to assist, use
of support devices, and safety precautions required
(e.g., side rails).
When assisting the client with transferring, ______ ________ _________, including the client’s ability to bear
weight and pivot, number of staffs needed for transfer, length of
time up in chair, and client response to transfer.
document
relevant information,
When assisting the client with ambulation,
document
distance and duration of ambulation
Include a description of the client’s ___ (including
body alignment) when walking; pace; activity tolerance
when walking
gait
__________ _____________ ___________________after
initial ambulation to compare with baseline data.
degree of support
required; and respiratory rate and blood pressure
are essential components for maintaining and
regaining health and wellness.
Exercise and activity
Body movement involves four basic elements:
body alignment,
joint mobility, balance, and coordinated movement.
is the type and amount of
exercise or daily living activities an individual is able to perform
without experiencing adverse effects.
Activity tolerance
is the
ability to do work.
Functional strength
Before positioning dependent clients, the nurse should
plan a systematic
24-hour schedule for position changes,
TRUE OF FALSE? The nurse can assist clients to prepare for ambulation by helping them
become as independent as possible while in bed.
TRUE
