Health and Illness and Levels of Care Flashcards
As nurses, we have to realize that our understanding of largely determines the scope and nature of nursing practice.
health, wellness,
and illness
is an important component of nursing
practice. It is a way of thinking that revolves around a
philosophy of wholeness, wellness, and well-being.
Health Promotion
There are three (3) different levels of health care system which
are
primary, secondary, and tertiary.
The absence of disease
(Traditional Definition)
A state of being well and using
every power the individual
possesses to the fullest extent.
Florence Nightingale
(1860/1969)
A state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being, and
not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity.
(definition reflects concern for the
individual as a total person functioning
physically,
psychologically and socially)
World Health Organization
(WHO) (1948)
Health is the ability to maintain
normal roles.
(defined in terms of role and performance)
Talcott Parsons (1951)
Health is not a condition; it is an
adjustment. It is not a state but a
process. The process adapts the
individual not only to our physical but
also our social environments.
US Commission on Health
Needs of the Nation (1953)
Health is not a condition; it is an
adjustment. It is not a state but a
process. The process adapts the
Health and illness are human
experiences. The presence of illness
does not preclude health, nor does
optimal health preclude illness.
American Nurses
Association (2010)
Health and illness are human
experiences. The presence of illness
does not preclude health, nor does
*Nurses assess and plan
health care for the
three types of
clients:
- Individual
- The family
- The community
Comes from the Latin
word, which
means ‘to suffer’
Defined as ‘one
who suffers’
patior,
Comes from the Latin
word, , which
means ‘to lean’
Defined as ‘one
who is the recipient
of a professional service’
clinare
Family is the basic unit of society. It consists
of those individuals, male or female, youth or
adult, legally or not legally related, genetically
or not genetically related, who are considered
by the others to represent their significant
people.
Family
Nursing that
considers the health of the family as a unit in
addition to the health of individual family
members.
Family-centered nursing:
- Family structure of parents and their offspring.
Nuclear Family
- Relatives of nuclear families (grandparents,
aunts, uncles)
Extended Family
- Independent unit in which parents reside in
the home with their children (mother-nurturing
Traditional Family
- Both partners are employed; they may or may
not have children
Two-Career Family
- Single-parent household due to death,
separation, divorce, birth of a child to an
unmarried woman, adoption by a single
mother/father
Single Parent Family
Young parents are often
developmentally, physically, emotionally,
and financially ill-prepared to undertake
the responsibility of parenthood
Adolescent Family
Children placed in foster homes that
legally agreed to care for them
temporarily due to social issues or as legal
preparation before being returned to
original birth parents or being legally
adopted by other parents
Foster Family
- Existing family units who join together to
form new families
Blended or Step Family
- More than two generations live together
- Children continue to live with parents or
grandparents may live in children’s own
families
Intragenerational Family
Consists of unrelated individuals or
families who live under one roof
Cohabiting family
- Homosexual adults from gay and lesbian
families based on the same goals of
caring and commitment seen in
heterosexual relationships
Gay and Lesbian Family
Singles include young self-supporting
adults who have recently left the nuclear
family as well as older adults living
alone
Single Adults Living Alone
- According to , Family
Systems Theory is a theory of
human behavior that defines the
family unit as a complex social
system in which members interact to
influence each other’s behavior.
Murray Bowen
- Focuses on family structure
and function. - The structural component of
the theory addresses the
membership of the family and
the relationships among
family members.
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL
THEORY
- The functional aspect of the theory
examines the effects of
of intra-family
relationships
can be
used to measure an individual’s perceived level of wellness.
Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends
of a health continuum.
- Health–Illness Continua
- Protected poor health in a
favorable environment - High-level wellness in a
favorable environment - Emergent high-level wellness in
an unfavorable environment - Poor health in an unfavorable
environment
Dunn’s High-level Wellness
Grid
Arrows pointing in opposite directions and joined at a neutral
point
Travis’s Illness–Wellness Continuum
is a highly personal state in
which the individual’s physical,
emotional, intellectual, social,
developmental, or spiritual functioning
is thought to be diminished. It is not
synonymous with disease and may or
may not be related to disease. Illness is
highly subjective. Only the individual
can say he or she is ill.
- Illness
can be described as an
alteration in body function resulting in a
reduction of capacities or a shortening
of the normal life span.
- Disease
is typically characterized
by severe symptoms of relatively
short duration.
Acute illness
Parsons (1979) described four
aspects of the sick role:
- Clients are not held
responsible for their condition. - Clients are excused from
certain social roles and tasks. - Clients are obligated to try to
get well as quickly as possible. - Clients or their families are
obligated to seek competent
help.
The kind of effect and its extent depend
chiefly on three factors:
- The member of the family who is ill;
- The seriousness and length of the illness; and
- The cultural and social customs the family
follows.
I. Two (2) LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORKERS
Intermediate Health Workers:
- Village/Barangay Health Workers
Devolved to the cities and
municipalities
* The first contact between
community people and
different levels of health
facility
* Health care provided by
health center staff
PRIMARY LEVEL OF CARE
Rendered by physicians with
basic health training in district
provincial and city hospitals
* Capable of basic surgical
procedures and simple
laboratory examinations
* Serves as referral center of
primary health facilities
SECONDARY LEVEL OF CARE
- Rendered by specialists in medical
centers, regional hospitals, and
specialized hospitals - Serves as referral center of
secondary health facilities
Health promotion focuses on the
prevention of health risk factors
towards healthy individuals, family,
environment.
TERTIARY LEVEL OF CARE
- Focuses on health promotion, protection against specific health problems
- Examples include immunization and taking regular exercise
- Primary
- Focuses on early identification and prompt intervention for health problems
- Examples include screening for high blood pressure and breast self-
examination.
- Secondary
- Focuses on restoration and rehabilitation
- Goal is to return individual to optimal level of functioning
- At this level, health services workers can work to retrain, reeducate, and
rehabilitate people who have already developed an impairment or disability
- Tertiary
