History and Principles Flashcards
What is the definition of behavior
The coordinated responses of whole living organisms to internal and/or external stimuli
what is ethology
Biological study of animal behavior ; Focus on observing behavior in natural settings and explanations based on function and adaptive purpose of behavior
what is comparative psychology
Study of animal psychology/behavior ; Focus on the discovery of divergent and common behavioral processes among species
who was known for studying behavioral ecology
John Krebs
what did John Krebs study
behavioral ecology with a focus on foraging theory
who was known for studying sociobiology
E.O. Wilson
what did E.O. Wilson study
sociobiology with a focus on social behavior of eusocial insects
who was known for studying cognitive ethology
Donald Griffin
what did Donald Griffin study
cognitive ethology with a focus on complex animal thinking
who was known for studying evolutionary psychology
David Buss
what did David Buss study
evolutionary psychology with a focus on human behavior
who proposed the classification of the animal kingdom
Aristotle
what did Rene Descartes contribute towards animal behavior
proposed mind/body dualism in which behavior of animals was based on reflexive mechanisms (unconscious awareness)
what did Charles Darwin contribute towards animal behavior
proposed that behaviors are products of natural selection and argued for the existence of a mental continuity
What did Aristotle suggest about animal behavior
Suggested that behavior may be accounted for in teleological terms (goals and functions) or thru interaction of parts (mechanisms)
What did George Romanes reject
rejected the mechanistic view of animal behavior. Argued that consciousness was widespread in the animal kingdom
what are phyletic affinities
traces the course of mental evolution with the use of classification of psychological traits
what is ejective inference
logic of inferring others have mental states based on behavior
what are three assumptions that go with ejective inference
Imagine an animal is conscious because one thinks it is by analogy ; Anthropomorphic (casting animals in human form) ; Research involved collecting anecdotes of animal behavior
Who proposed a comprise between mechanist and vitalists
C. Lloyd Morgan
What is the Clever Hans case study
a horse who was thought of being able to do complex math problems but would not be able to do them without certain cues from his trainer
who was the founding father of Ethology who investigated function of behavior and devised numerous tests of animal behavior in field studies
niko tinbergen
what animal was niko tinbergen known for studying
spacial memory in wasps
who was the founding father of Ethology who developed theoretical models of evolution and motivation of animal behavior
Konrad Lorenz
what was konard lorenz known for
imprinting behaviors
who was a behaviorist that investigated operant conditioning and other forms of learning
B.F. Skinner
what did B.F. Skinner study
schedules of reinforcement
who was experimental psychologist that challenged concept of instinct (innate behavior) described by Lorenz, Tinbergen, and other Ethologists
Daniel Lehrman
what was daniel lehrman known for studying
Behavioral endocrinology and reproduction in doves
what is ontogeny
description of an organism’s development from DNA code to the forms of different life stages
what is mechanism
description of an organism’s structure and how its mechanisms work
what is phylogeny
description of the history of a species as reconstructed from its fossil precursors and DNA evidence
what is adaptation
explanation for the characteristics of a species based on how they give a selective advantage
what are the areas of biology
ontogeny, mechanism, phylogeny, adaptation
what is natural selection
changes in morphology and behavior over generations
what is individual learning
change in behavior with-in a generation and interaction with natural selection
what is an example of natural selection
male crickets attracting mates and surviving predatory flies
what is an example of individual learning
grasshoppers learning to associate color and taste with a certain food
what is cultural transmission
changes in behavior based on social factors with-in and and over generations
what is an example of cultural transmission
forging rats tasting new food
what type of scientific approach is Skinner associated with
behaviorism
what type of scientific approach is Hamilton associated with
inclusive fitness
what are two theoretical approaches
optimal foraging theory (OFT) and drive reduction theory of motivation
what types of empirical approaches are there
observational and experimental
what did konrad lorenz speculate about the motivation to study animals
herding and hunter instincts
what are herding instincts
Herders prefer to form close bonds and pursue keeping and breeding animals
what are hunting instincts
Hunters prefer to observe natural history and interact with animals as if to out smart them