History and Principles

Question 1

What is the definition of behavior

Answer 1

The coordinated responses of whole living organisms to internal and/or external stimuli

Question 2

what is ethology

Answer 2

Biological study of animal behavior ; Focus on observing behavior in natural settings and explanations based on function and adaptive purpose of behavior

Question 3

what is comparative psychology

Answer 3

Study of animal psychology/behavior ; Focus on the discovery of divergent and common behavioral processes among species

Question 4

who was known for studying behavioral ecology

Answer 4

John Krebs

Question 5

what did John Krebs study

Answer 5

behavioral ecology with a focus on foraging theory

Question 6

who was known for studying sociobiology

Answer 6

E.O. Wilson

Question 7

what did E.O. Wilson study

Answer 7

sociobiology with a focus on social behavior of eusocial insects

Question 8

who was known for studying cognitive ethology

Answer 8

Donald Griffin

Question 9

what did Donald Griffin study

Answer 9

cognitive ethology with a focus on complex animal thinking

Question 10

who was known for studying evolutionary psychology

Answer 10

David Buss

Question 11

what did David Buss study

Answer 11

evolutionary psychology with a focus on human behavior

Question 12

who proposed the classification of the animal kingdom

Answer 12

Aristotle

Question 13

what did Rene Descartes contribute towards animal behavior

Answer 13

proposed mind/body dualism in which behavior of animals was based on reflexive mechanisms (unconscious awareness)

Question 14

what did Charles Darwin contribute towards animal behavior

Answer 14

proposed that behaviors are products of natural selection and argued for the existence of a mental continuity

Question 15

What did Aristotle suggest about animal behavior

Answer 15

Suggested that behavior may be accounted for in teleological terms (goals and functions) or thru interaction of parts (mechanisms)

Question 16

What did George Romanes reject

Answer 16

rejected the mechanistic view of animal behavior. Argued that consciousness was widespread in the animal kingdom

Question 17

what are phyletic affinities

Answer 17

traces the course of mental evolution with the use of classification of psychological traits

Question 18

what is ejective inference

Answer 18

logic of inferring others have mental states based on behavior

Question 19

what are three assumptions that go with ejective inference

Answer 19

Imagine an animal is conscious because one thinks it is by analogy ; Anthropomorphic (casting animals in human form) ; Research involved collecting anecdotes of animal behavior

Question 20

Who proposed a comprise between mechanist and vitalists

Answer 20

C. Lloyd Morgan

Question 21

What is the Clever Hans case study

Answer 21

a horse who was thought of being able to do complex math problems but would not be able to do them without certain cues from his trainer

Question 22

who was the founding father of Ethology who investigated function of behavior and devised numerous tests of animal behavior in field studies

Answer 22

niko tinbergen

Question 23

what animal was niko tinbergen known for studying

Answer 23

spacial memory in wasps

Question 24

who was the founding father of Ethology who developed theoretical models of evolution and motivation of animal behavior

Answer 24

Konrad Lorenz

Question 25

what was konard lorenz known for

Answer 25

imprinting behaviors

Question 26

who was a behaviorist that investigated operant conditioning and other forms of learning

Answer 26

B.F. Skinner

Question 27

what did B.F. Skinner study

Answer 27

schedules of reinforcement

Question 28

who was experimental psychologist that challenged concept of instinct (innate behavior) described by Lorenz, Tinbergen, and other Ethologists

Answer 28

Daniel Lehrman

Question 29

what was daniel lehrman known for studying

Answer 29

Behavioral endocrinology and reproduction in doves

Question 30

what is ontogeny

Answer 30

description of an organism's development from DNA code to the forms of different life stages

Question 31

what is mechanism

Answer 31

description of an organism's structure and how its mechanisms work

Question 32

what is phylogeny

Answer 32

description of the history of a species as reconstructed from its fossil precursors and DNA evidence

Question 33

what is adaptation

Answer 33

explanation for the characteristics of a species based on how they give a selective advantage

Question 34

what are the areas of biology

Answer 34

ontogeny, mechanism, phylogeny, adaptation

Question 35

what is natural selection

Answer 35

changes in morphology and behavior over generations

Question 36

what is individual learning

Answer 36

change in behavior with-in a generation and interaction with natural selection

Question 37

what is an example of natural selection

Answer 37

male crickets attracting mates and surviving predatory flies

Question 38

what is an example of individual learning

Answer 38

grasshoppers learning to associate color and taste with a certain food

Question 39

what is cultural transmission

Answer 39

changes in behavior based on social factors with-in and and over generations

Question 40

what is an example of cultural transmission

Answer 40

forging rats tasting new food

Question 41

what type of scientific approach is Skinner associated with

Answer 41

behaviorism

Question 42

what type of scientific approach is Hamilton associated with

Answer 42

inclusive fitness

Question 43

what are two theoretical approaches

Answer 43

optimal foraging theory (OFT) and drive reduction theory of motivation

Question 44

what types of empirical approaches are there

Answer 44

observational and experimental

Question 45

what did konrad lorenz speculate about the motivation to study animals

Answer 45

herding and hunter instincts

Question 46

what are herding instincts

Answer 46

Herders prefer to form close bonds and pursue keeping and breeding animals

Question 47

what are hunting instincts

Answer 47

Hunters prefer to observe natural history and interact with animals as if to out smart them