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Animal Biology > 4. Anti-Predator Behavior > Flashcards

4. Anti-Predator Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the sequence of actions that can be seen in predator and prey interactions

A

defense: behavioral, morphological, physiological, life history that enables prey to avoid or escape predation

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2
Q

what are the two basic forms of anti-predator behaviors

A

avoid detection behavior/mechanisms; escape actions/mechanisms

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3
Q

what are the three ways to avoid predators

A

blending into the environment; being quiet; choosing safe habitats

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4
Q

what are the five anti-predator actions

A

fleeing; approaching; feigning; signaling; fighting

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5
Q

who studied cuttlefish background matching patterns

A

roger hanlon

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6
Q

what is a way to blend into the environment

A

cryptic color pattern

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7
Q

what are cryptic color patterns

A

resembles a random sample of the background perceived by predators

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8
Q

what are the three mechanisms of cryptic color pattern

A

background matching; minimize shadow; disruptive coloration

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9
Q

what do cuttlefish have that allow them to use cryptic color patterns

A

chromatophores

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10
Q

when it is ideal to be quiet when avoiding predators

A

tactic for avoidance when predators use sound for locating prey

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11
Q

what are the two things prey need to consider when choosing a safe habitat to avoid predators

A

selecting predator free environments; prey species utilize refuge to avoid prey or shift to habitats that are away from predator location

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12
Q

why is nest selection in birds important

A

predation on nest influences survivability of offspring

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13
Q

what type of nesters have the lowest risk of predation

A

cavity nesters have the lowest risk of predication compared to canopy and shrub nesters

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14
Q

who studies phylogenetic cavity nesters in parrots

A

Brightsmith

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15
Q

what is the ancestral nesting behavior in parrots

A

tree cavity

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16
Q

who studied behavior decisions made under risk of predation

A

Lawrence Dill

17
Q

what is the most common response by prey to being detected by predator

A

fleeing

18
Q

what is flight-initiation distance (FID)

A

the min distance a predator can approach before prey flees

19
Q

what are factors affecting flight-initiation distance (FID)

A

distance to cover; social group; age; alternative activities; predators size and speed

20
Q

FID increases when…

A

cost of remaining decreases

21
Q

FID decreases when….

A

cost of flight increases

22
Q

what must evolve for prey to approach a predator after detection

A

evolve approach response the average fitness benefit must outweigh the average fitness cost

23
Q

what prey animal will approach its predator

A

an antelope will approach ambush predators like lions and cheetahs

24
Q

what are the three possible benefits to approaching behavior

A

approach decreases current risk of predation; info gathering of threat level; approach may serve as a warning signal for danger

25
Q

what is tonic immobility

A

death feigning in response to predators

26
Q

what is death feigning

A

a catatonic state

27
Q

when is death feigning used most often

A

response to close proximity and lack of opportunity of escape from predator

28
Q

what animals use death feigning

A

mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects

29
Q

is death feigning beneficial

A

lack of evidence on relationship between feigning and surviving predatory attack

30
Q

what animal uses warning signals

A

monarch butterfly uses warning coloration

31
Q

why are monarch butterflies a paradox

A

predator must kill prey item to learn about prey toxicity

32
Q

when prey fight back, what are two behavior mechanisms for deterring capture

A

chemical defense and social mobbing

33
Q

what animal uses mobbing

A

blackbirds

34
Q

who studied squirrel foraging behavior

A

Lima and Dil

35
Q

how are squirrel foraging choices modified by predation risk

A

squirrels carry food items to protective cover when distance to cover is near; they tend to carry larger food items rather than small ones

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