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Animal Biology > 5. Animal Personalities > Flashcards

5. Animal Personalities Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are behavioral variation among animals linked to adaptive solutions

A

Observations of animals reveal that individuals differ in their behavior; Consistent behavioral differences among animals functions as personality; Individual differences impact fitness

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2
Q

how are Personality differences defined

A

consistent long-term phenotypic behavioral differences among individuals

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3
Q

what does it mean to be consistent across time and situations

A

Repeatability refers to individuals that are highly consistent, but there is a lot of difference among different individuals, then that suggests that there may be a genetic basis to the differences in behavior among individuals

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4
Q

what are the three major questions of animal personality

A

Why are individuals consistent in their behavior?; Why do individual within a species differ in behavior/personality?; Why do behaviors in different contexts correlate among each other

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5
Q

what is the difference between personality and behavioral syndrome

A

personality is an individual level characteristic; behavioral syndrome is a population level characteristic

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6
Q

Behavioral syndrome involves consistency ____ and _____ individuals

A

within and between

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7
Q

what does it mean to have consistency within individuals

A

Within consistency, the animal behaves the same way in similar situations

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8
Q

what does it mean to have consistency between individuals

A

Between consistency, the rank-order differences among individuals are maintained in different situations

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9
Q

what are the 5 behavioral types

A

Aggressive levels; Activity levels; Shyness/boldness; Proactive/reactive; Fearfulness (anxiousness)

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10
Q

Behavior ecologist study personality assuming it is an adaptation which resulted from…

A

long-term selection pressure

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11
Q

Adaptive perspective argues what

A

that personality make sense if it allows an organism to adjust their behavior to current conditions (including internal states)

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12
Q

what does Carry-over effects suggest

A

that personality transcends contexts and behavior acts holistically

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13
Q

How does personality have a significant consequence ecologically and evolutionary

A

Personality may help account for variation under selective pressure; Personality possibly co-evolves with other morphological characteristics; Animals do not exhibit optimal behavior in all situation

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14
Q

what are the benefits of consistency in personality

A

Specialist may outcompete generalists; Specialization may reduce conflict among individuals; Consistency may produce reliable communication signals of the quality of individuals

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15
Q

what are the two ways that game theory may be interpreted when dealing with behavioral strategies

A

Individuals alter behavioral strategy to reach ESS equilibrium; Population are divided between individuals that have fixed behavioral strategies

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16
Q

Behavioral strategy is _____ to personality variables

A

analogous

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17
Q

example of aggressive personality

A

Aggressive individuals are prone to attack prey and conspecifics and reduced anti-predator responses; live in an environment with limited resources

18
Q

example of shy/bold personality

A

Bolder sunfish (Wilson, 1993) are quick to acclimate, feed on different prey and carry different parasites

19
Q

example of proactive/reactive personality

A

Proactive show great coping ability compared with reactive individual (passive response to environment)

20
Q

which is the most stable personality variable

A

shy/boldness

21
Q

what are the trade offs between current and future reproductive success

A

Individuals with low expected reproductive success may take greater risks and act more boldly; Individuals with high expected reproductive success may be shy and non aggressive

22
Q

who studied boldness/shyness in pumpkinseed sunfish

A

Wilson

23
Q

what are traits

A

Traits are dispositions that characterize individual differences (descriptive approach)

24
Q

what does the trait theory focus on

A

focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics

25
Q

what is the three factor theory

A

Extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

26
Q

who is responsible for the three factor theory

A

Eysenck

27
Q

what is the big five personality theory

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

28
Q

who is responsible for the big five personality theory

A

McCrea and Costa

29
Q

who studied hyenas and big-five personality factors

A

Gosling

30
Q

what are the 3 different treatments they used to test behavioral responses in octopuses

A

alert, threat, and feed

31
Q

what were the three personality dimensions of the octopus

A

activity, reactivity, and avoidance

32
Q

who studied octopus personality

A

Mather and Anderson

33
Q

who studied personality is cockateils

A

Fox and Milliam

34
Q

how is coping style defined

A

as coherent set behavioral and physiological stress responses

35
Q

how does stress affect animals

A

Impact health and reproductive success

36
Q

dimensions of personality

A

proactive and reactive

37
Q

what happens to stress hormones in mice

A

cortisol levels higher in reactive than proactive

38
Q

what happens to sympathetic reaction in mice

A

catecholamine levels higher in proactive mice

39
Q

what happens to neuronal effects in mice

A

reduced hippocampal cell growth

40
Q

what do studies suggest about variation in disease and how its related to coping styles

A

Proactive increases risk of cardiovascular disease; Gastro-ulceration and stereotypy potentially higher in proactive mice

Animal Biology (15 decks)

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