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Animal Biology > 2. Learning > Flashcards

2. Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Learning

A

an enduring change in the mechanisms of behavior that result from experience and environmental events

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2
Q

Performance

A

Change in behavior based on opportunity and motivation (not learning)

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3
Q

Functional definition of learning

A

a process that allow animals to adjust to their environment through individual experience

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4
Q

Phenotype plasticity

A

is the ability of an organism to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment

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5
Q

two non-associative learning phenomena

A

Habituation & Sensitization

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6
Q

two Associative/Cognitive learning phenomena

A

Classical conditioning & Instrumental conditioning

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7
Q

Non-associative learning

A

Reactions to stimulus events in the environment (hard-wired responses)

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8
Q

Taxis

A

reflexive locomotion and orientation to a stimulus

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9
Q

two types of taxis

A

phototaxis and geotaxis

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10
Q

Phototaxis

A

orient to light

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11
Q

Geotaxis

A

orient to spatial/physical position

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12
Q

two types of Orienting responses

A

Innate response to a novel stimulus & Fixed Action Patterns

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13
Q

Fixed Action Patterns

A

species specific stereotypical response; Dependent on sign stimuli acting as “releaser”

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14
Q

types of non-associative learning

A

Habituation & Sensitization

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15
Q

Sensitization

A

Increase in responsiveness after repeated exposure to a stimulus

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16
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in responsiveness after repeated exposure to a stimulus

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17
Q

what are the two distinctions between sensitization and habituation

A

Strong stimulus- sensitization predominates; Weak stimulus- habituation predominates

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18
Q

what is the dual process theory

A

Habituation and sensitization are not mutually exclusive; Two neural process work together; the behavioral outcome depends on which system is most active; Reduce reactivity to irrelevant stimuli or increase to relevant stimuli

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19
Q

Classical conditioning

A

associative learning of stimuli and stimulus responses

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20
Q

Varieties of classical conditioning

A

Appetitive learning: unconditioned stimulus is pleasant (e.g., food and sex); Aversive learning: unconditioned stimulus is unpleasant (e.g., electric shock)

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21
Q

two types of Stimulus contingencies

A

Excitatory conditioning & Inhibitory condition

22
Q

What is excitatory conditioning

A

The presence of one stimuli is followed by another

23
Q

What is inhibitory conditioning

A

The presence of one stimuli is NOT followed by another

24
Q

What is second-order conditioning

A

CS serves as a US for a new cue

25
Q

What is compound conditioning

A

Presentation of 2 CSs; overshadowing; latent inhibition

26
Q

What is overshadowing

A

Compound stimulus in which one is more salient

27
Q

What is latent inhibition

A

Preexposure to CS results in slower learning

28
Q

What is blocking

A

A previously learned CS-US association prevents learning that CS2 also predicts US

29
Q

What are functional and adaptive aspects of classical conditioning

A

Taste aversion and sexual conditioning

30
Q

Three components of instrumental learning

A

Discriminative stimulus, response, reinforcing stimulus

31
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus

A

It is a cue not a US or CS

32
Q

Voluntary

A

Creation of new behavior defined by what is required to obtain reinforced or avoid punisher

33
Q

Consequence

A

Reinforcer or punisher

34
Q

Stimulus

A

A signal for when response will lead to consequence

35
Q

Who created the law of effect

A

Thorndike

36
Q

What is the law of effect

A

Established an association between the response and the stimulus in the presence of which the response is performed

37
Q

What is the Clark Hull reduction theory

A

Proposed that what makes something an effect reinforcer is its ability to return the organism to the homeostasis point

38
Q

What makes good primary reinforcers

A

Stimuli that are capable of reducing biological drives

39
Q

What is a good secondary reinforcer

A

Stimuli associated with drive reduction thru classical conditioning

40
Q

What did David Premack propose about probability response

A

The opportunity to perform a higher probability response will serve as a reinforcer for the lower probability response

41
Q

What are constraints on learning

A

Indistinctive drift and misbehavior

42
Q

What is indistinctive drift

A

Instinctual behaviors compete with learned behaviors

43
Q

What are two ways that respondent conditioning influences operant behavior

A

Motivational effects and response cueing effects

44
Q

What are motivational effects

A

Changing motivational support for behavior

45
Q

What are response cueing effects

A

Cues that are associated with an operant response

46
Q

What are the two views of divergence in learning

A

Ecological view and general process view

47
Q

What is the ecological view

A

Learning mechanisms solve specific ecological problems

48
Q

What is the general process view

A

Most ecological niches involve causality, space, and time

49
Q

What types of aggression is there

A

Intrinsic aggression and extrinsic aggression

50
Q

What is intrinsic aggression

A

Inherent fighting ability

51
Q

What is extrinsic aggression

A

Winning and losing effects

Animal Biology (15 decks)

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