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Animal Biology > 4. Play > Flashcards

4. Play Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of play

A

The motor activity performed post-natally that appears to be purposeless, in which motor patterns from other contexts than used in modified forms and altered temporal sequences

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2
Q

Three reason play may be purposeless

A

Failure to decipher causality of play; Delayed benefits to engaging in play behavior; Benefits may be multiple and confounding

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3
Q

Criteria for identifying play behavior

A

Limited immediate function; Endogenous component; Structural or temporal difference; Repeated performance; Relaxed field

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4
Q

what is limited immediate function in play behavior

A

play behavior is not fully functional for the context in which it occurs, does not contribute to the survival of the playing animal

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5
Q

what is endogenous component in play behavior

A

Play behavior is voluntary and rewarding as if the animal engages in play for its own sake

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6
Q

what is structural or temporal difference in play behavior

A

relative to serious behavior, play behavior is incomplete, exaggerated, awkward, modified in terms of its target

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7
Q

what is repeated performance in play behavior

A

play behavior is repetitive, not stereotypical

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8
Q

what is relaxed field in play behavior

A

play behavior is initiated in healthy, low stress, relaxed and free from threat conditions

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9
Q

Levels of play behavior in mammals

A

pronounced

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10
Q

Levels of play behavior in birds

A

common

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11
Q

Levels of play behavior in fish/reptiles

A

rare

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12
Q

Levels of play behavior in invertebrates

A

none

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13
Q

who studied the phylogeny of play

A

Burghardt

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14
Q

what are the physical movements of play

A

social play, object play, locomotive play

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15
Q

what is social play

A

play between individual (e.g. rough-n-tumble)

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16
Q

what is object play

A

playful use or manipulation of inanimate objects (e.g. toys)

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17
Q

what is locomotor play

A

play comprised of motor activity patterns (e.g., dancing )

18
Q

what are the sensory experience in play

A

curiosity and exploration

19
Q

what is curiosity

A

active scrutiny of objects akin to object play

20
Q

what is exploration

A

movement in which animals attends to new sensations akin to locomotor play

21
Q

what is primary process play

A

No long-term effects good or bad; Subcortical innate

22
Q

what is secondary process play

A

Maintains the condition of physical, behavioral and perceptual states of the animal; Learned emotions

23
Q

what is tertiary process play

A

Critical for reaching developmental milestones; Episodic memory and symbolic thought

24
Q

what are the benefits of object play

A

Solitary or social; Provides opportunity to practice motor coordination and eye-motor skills; Serves as form of practice in handling objects like prey; Precursor to learning tool use in primates

25
Q

what are the characteristics of locomotor play

A

Solitary locomotor play involves vigorous running and twisting (ungulates) and somersaulting (primates); Considered earliest form of play behavior both developmentally and evolutionary

26
Q

what are the two theories of locomotor play

A

Exercises/motor skill development; Exploration/spatial knowledge

27
Q

which is the most studied play behavior

A

social play

28
Q

what are the three benefits of social play

A

Formation of long-lasting social bonds; Promote fine-tuned skills involved in fighting, mating, and hunting; Promotes development of cognitive skills

29
Q

how does play affect self assessment

A

play as a means to monitor developmental progress compared with others

30
Q

what are the regulations of play

A

Rules that promote social flexibility; Awareness of fairness, role reversal self-handicapping

31
Q

what are the factors of the evolution of play

A

social/group living; Longer developmental period and high parental care/investment; Larger brains

32
Q

what are the possible biological functions of the evolution of play

A

Benefit outweighs cost; Developmental scaffolding; Practice survival behavior in relatively safer contexts; Learn about environment

33
Q

what are the three different theories of play

A

Practice of skill and instincts; Surplus resource theory (SRT); Training for unexpected events

34
Q

how is practice of skill and instincts beneficial for play

A

Play affords the honing of skills related to adult survival (Motor training benefits)

35
Q

how is surplus resource theory (SRT) beneficial for play

A

Play is going to be much more prominent, even within the same species, when the animal has ample resources available.

36
Q

how is training for unexpected events beneficial for play

A

Play increases the versatility of motor control and ability to cope with unexpected and stressful events

37
Q

in what type of environment should play be prevalent

A

changing environments

38
Q

what happens when you deprive an animal of social play

A

results in maladaptive behavior

39
Q

why is self handicapping beneficial in play

A

is beneficial for unexpected social interactions

40
Q

what is third order intentionality

A

Animal (a) wants animal (b) to believe that (a) want to play (d), not seriously, but with other goals (fun); Involve three levels of mental states

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