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Animal Biology > 4. Foraging > Flashcards

4. Foraging Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the search image theory

A

As a forager increasingly encounters a particular prey, the ability to recognize the prey increases

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2
Q

what are ways for animals to recognize prey easier

A

Development of mental/sensory representation of prey; Response to cryptic prey; Search image may be linked to salient feature of prey or representation of entire prey item; new prey items is ignored until it becomes more prevalent

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3
Q

which animals were used to test finding food and search image

A

blue jays pecking at cryptic moths

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4
Q

what are three traditions of decision making research

A

economics, psychology, and ecology

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5
Q

what does the classical optimal foraging theory assume

A

assumes that evolution has favored foraging strategies that maximize the rate of energy intake as a proxy of Darwinian fitness

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6
Q

what are the assumptions in the economic models

A

rational choice, self interest, stable preference over context and time

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7
Q

what is utility

A

utility is the degree of liking/preference based on expected value

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8
Q

what is the equation if A is preferred to B

A

U(A) > U(B)

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9
Q

what is matching law

A

Choice paradigm with concurrent schedules of positive reinforcement; Distribution of behavior/time responding is measure of choice

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10
Q

what is under matching

A

failure to match (receive maximum available reward)

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11
Q

what is bias

A

preference for large and immediate reward

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12
Q

what is the history of optimal foraging theory

A

Mathematical models of foraging decision; MacArthur and Pianka (1966) patchy food distribution

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13
Q

what are the basic models of optimal foraging theory

A

diet choice model; patch choice model; risk sensitivity model; stochastic dynamic programming; rules of thumb models

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14
Q

what are deductive research tools used to explore the consequences of working under a given set of assumptions

A

foraging models

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15
Q

which model is the crow and whelk associated with

A

foraging model

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16
Q

what are the elements of a foraging model

A

decision assumption; currency assumption; constraints

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17
Q

what is the decision assumption in the foraging model

A

which of the forager’s problems are to be analyzed

18
Q

what is the currency assumption in the foraging model

A

how are the various choices to be evaluated

19
Q

what are the constraints in the foraging model

A

what limits the animal’s feasible choices and what limits the pay-off that may be obtained

20
Q

what are extrinsic constraints

A

environmental conditions (seasons)

21
Q

what are intrinsic constraints

A

how the animal lives

22
Q

what is a sequential sampling constraint

A

typically encounter diet or patch items one at a time

23
Q

what is knowledge of environment constraint

A

complete and accurate knowledge of food types, abundance and location

24
Q

what are the steps in building an optimal diet model

A

explicit alternatives involving sequential encounters of prey items; compare fitness of the two alternative actions; specify assumptions and constraints under which animals make decisions

25
Q

what are the characteristics of a patch

A

encounter rate (rich v poor patch); patch residency; gain function

26
Q

what is patch residency

A

decision variable of time spent searching for food in patch

27
Q

what is patch gain function

A

net energy “gain”, negatively accelerated function of patch depletion

28
Q

what are the steps in building an optimal patch residency model

A

explicit alternatives involving patch exploitation; currency of fitness is same as diet model; specify assumptions and constrains

29
Q

steps to testing optimal patch residency model

A

look for optimal residency time when density of patches in habitat changes or when average quality of patches changes; graphical solution

30
Q

which animal was used to test patch residency time

A

great tits

31
Q

when patch density in habitat declines or travel cost increases what should an animal do

A

forager should remain in patch and deplete them to a great extent

32
Q

when average patch quality in habitat increases what should a forager do

A

foragers should spend less time exploiting each patch and deplete them to a lesser extent

33
Q

how is risk defined

A

uncertainty of reward (loss and gain)

34
Q

what is state-dependent foraging

A

hunger states 1) equal value of items 2) item’s worth decreases as animal becomes satiated 3) item’s worth increase due to high risk of starvation

35
Q

what is the energy budget rule

A

forager below its energy budget should be risk prone, otherwise be risk averse; studies of operant analog of risk sensitive foraging compare V1 to F1 schedules of reinforcement

36
Q

what is Stochastic dynamic programming

A

uses a common currency of lifetime fitness; foraging decision are state-dependent; capable of modeling trade-offs between competing activities; uses a decision trajectory to model patch choices over a finite time period

37
Q

descriptive models are decision rules that reflect what

A

actual decision making mechanisms

38
Q

what are rule of thumb (ROT) models

A

simple rules that animals follow to base their choice; research shows that ROT models can approximate optimality

39
Q

what model is based on architecture of interconnected neurons

A

descriptive model

40
Q

What is the cognitive emotional forager model

A

foraging decision are the balance of emotional states experienced when confronted with foraging decision made under risk of predation

41
Q

what are the three assumptions with optimal foraging

A

forager uses knowledge of patch parameters; forager’s decision are based on energy reserves; foragers decision are time-dependent in that it knows the end of the foraging time cycle

42
Q

what does energy threshold model eliminate

A

third assumption of optimal foraging

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