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Animal Biology > 3. Kinship > Flashcards

3. Kinship Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Thomas Huxley argue

A

Huxley argued that the animal world is on the level of a gladiator contest. N.S. give no quarter to the weak

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2
Q

What did Kropotkin argue

A

Kropotkin argued altruism is the norm in the animal kingdom

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3
Q

what did Wardner Allele propose about altruism

A

altruism is the core of both nonhuman and human social behavior

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4
Q

what type of studies did Wardner Allele conduct

A

Conducted studies of over-crowding effects on individual and under-crowding effects on groups

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5
Q

who is famous for the quote “He would jump in a river to save the life of two brothers, but not one.”

A

J.B.S. Haldane

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6
Q

Haldane said that kinship predicts what

A

the amount of altruism

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7
Q

What is the genetic relatedness between self and half brother

A

1/4

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8
Q

W.D. Hamilton rejected what

A

The notion that altruism protected species from extinction

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9
Q

Who argued that altruism could evolve if kinship was added to the standard model

A

Hamilton

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10
Q

Who used mathematical modeling models based on Hamilton’s theory

A

Price

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11
Q

what is the genetic relatedness between my self and my brother

A

1/2

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12
Q

what is the genetic relatedness between my self and my first cousin

A

1/8

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13
Q

what is the genetic relatedness between my self and my second cousin

A

1/32

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14
Q

Who rejected the notion that altruism protected a species from extinction

A

W.D. Hamilton

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15
Q

what did W.D. Hamilton argue about altruism

A

that altruism could evolve if kinship was added to the standard model

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16
Q

what is the equation for when natural selection favors altruism

A

r x b > c

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17
Q

who used mathematical modeling models based on Hamilton’s theory

A

George Price

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18
Q

if alleles are associated with the production of offspring, how does that effect their frequency

A

the frequency of the allele will increase

19
Q

who argued that to understand how N.S. operates you need to have a “gene’s eye view”

A

Richard Dawkins

20
Q

who published Selfish Gene in 1976

A

Dawkins

21
Q

according to Dawkins, natural selection favors any gene that can…

A

be copied into the next generation

22
Q

who published Sociobiology that proposed that evolution is the basis of social behavior in animals

A

E.O. Wilson

23
Q

what is the general meaning of kinship

A

individuals who are related to you (by birth of marriage)

24
Q

what does kinship mean in animal behavior

A

refers to the degree to which one individual shares alleles in common with another

25
Q

what does “r” stand for

A

coefficient of relatedness

26
Q

what percentage of alleles do children inherit from their parents

A

r= 0.5

27
Q

what percentage of alleles do children share with their full siblings

A

r= 0.5

28
Q

what percentage of alleles do children share with their half siblings

A

r= 0.25

29
Q

what percentage of alleles do children share with their cousins

A

r= 0.125

30
Q

what percentage of alleles do children share with their aunts/uncles

A

r= 0.25

31
Q

what percentage of alleles do children share with their grandparent

A

r= 0.25

32
Q

who coined the term inclusive fitness

A

Hamilton

33
Q

what did Hamilton suggest to improve fitness

A

Have your own offspring; help your relatives raise their offspring

34
Q

what is the equation for Hamilton’s rule

A

E(rb) - c > 0

35
Q

what does b stand for

A

benefits to your relatives of your helping behavior

36
Q

what does c stand for

A

costs to you of your helping behavior

37
Q

animals should be willing to help when ____ outweighs the _____

A

benefits of helping outweigh the costs

38
Q

who suggested that benefits and costs could be measured as # of offspring produced by those helped (and not produced by the helper)

A

Brown

39
Q

altruism is profitable to siblings when the benefit is ____ to you

A

2x the cost

40
Q

altruism is profitable to half sibs, aunts/uncles, and nephews/nieces when benefit is ____ to you

A

4x the cost

41
Q

what type of parent-offspring conflicts are there

A

evolutionary conflict arise between parent and offspring due to divergent interests; NS supports care for genetically related young; NS favors offspring that can max parental care; NS parents that can raise their offspring to be independent

42
Q

what exactly is the conflict in parent-offspring conflict

A

conflict occurs when the cost of parental care increases and interferes with future reproduction

43
Q

who hypothesized that polyandrous primates would grow more quickly in-utero than monogamous

A

Long

Animal Biology (15 decks)

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