3. Kinship Flashcards
What did Thomas Huxley argue
Huxley argued that the animal world is on the level of a gladiator contest. N.S. give no quarter to the weak
What did Kropotkin argue
Kropotkin argued altruism is the norm in the animal kingdom
what did Wardner Allele propose about altruism
altruism is the core of both nonhuman and human social behavior
what type of studies did Wardner Allele conduct
Conducted studies of over-crowding effects on individual and under-crowding effects on groups
who is famous for the quote “He would jump in a river to save the life of two brothers, but not one.”
J.B.S. Haldane
Haldane said that kinship predicts what
the amount of altruism
What is the genetic relatedness between self and half brother
1/4
W.D. Hamilton rejected what
The notion that altruism protected species from extinction
Who argued that altruism could evolve if kinship was added to the standard model
Hamilton
Who used mathematical modeling models based on Hamilton’s theory
Price
what is the genetic relatedness between my self and my brother
1/2
what is the genetic relatedness between my self and my first cousin
1/8
what is the genetic relatedness between my self and my second cousin
1/32
Who rejected the notion that altruism protected a species from extinction
W.D. Hamilton
what did W.D. Hamilton argue about altruism
that altruism could evolve if kinship was added to the standard model
what is the equation for when natural selection favors altruism
r x b > c
who used mathematical modeling models based on Hamilton’s theory
George Price
if alleles are associated with the production of offspring, how does that effect their frequency
the frequency of the allele will increase
who argued that to understand how N.S. operates you need to have a “gene’s eye view”
Richard Dawkins
who published Selfish Gene in 1976
Dawkins
according to Dawkins, natural selection favors any gene that can…
be copied into the next generation
who published Sociobiology that proposed that evolution is the basis of social behavior in animals
E.O. Wilson
what is the general meaning of kinship
individuals who are related to you (by birth of marriage)
what does kinship mean in animal behavior
refers to the degree to which one individual shares alleles in common with another
what does “r” stand for
coefficient of relatedness
what percentage of alleles do children inherit from their parents
r= 0.5
what percentage of alleles do children share with their full siblings
r= 0.5
what percentage of alleles do children share with their half siblings
r= 0.25
what percentage of alleles do children share with their cousins
r= 0.125
what percentage of alleles do children share with their aunts/uncles
r= 0.25
what percentage of alleles do children share with their grandparent
r= 0.25
who coined the term inclusive fitness
Hamilton
what did Hamilton suggest to improve fitness
Have your own offspring; help your relatives raise their offspring
what is the equation for Hamilton’s rule
E(rb) - c > 0
what does b stand for
benefits to your relatives of your helping behavior
what does c stand for
costs to you of your helping behavior
animals should be willing to help when ____ outweighs the _____
benefits of helping outweigh the costs
who suggested that benefits and costs could be measured as # of offspring produced by those helped (and not produced by the helper)
Brown
altruism is profitable to siblings when the benefit is ____ to you
2x the cost
altruism is profitable to half sibs, aunts/uncles, and nephews/nieces when benefit is ____ to you
4x the cost
what type of parent-offspring conflicts are there
evolutionary conflict arise between parent and offspring due to divergent interests; NS supports care for genetically related young; NS favors offspring that can max parental care; NS parents that can raise their offspring to be independent
what exactly is the conflict in parent-offspring conflict
conflict occurs when the cost of parental care increases and interferes with future reproduction
who hypothesized that polyandrous primates would grow more quickly in-utero than monogamous
Long
