3. Kinship

Question 1

What did Thomas Huxley argue

Answer 1

Huxley argued that the animal world is on the level of a gladiator contest. N.S. give no quarter to the weak

Question 2

What did Kropotkin argue

Answer 2

Kropotkin argued altruism is the norm in the animal kingdom

Question 3

what did Wardner Allele propose about altruism

Answer 3

altruism is the core of both nonhuman and human social behavior

Question 4

what type of studies did Wardner Allele conduct

Answer 4

Conducted studies of over-crowding effects on individual and under-crowding effects on groups

Question 5

who is famous for the quote “He would jump in a river to save the life of two brothers, but not one.”

Answer 5

J.B.S. Haldane

Question 6

Haldane said that kinship predicts what

Answer 6

the amount of altruism

Question 7

What is the genetic relatedness between self and half brother

Answer 7

1/4

Question 8

W.D. Hamilton rejected what

Answer 8

The notion that altruism protected species from extinction

Question 9

Who argued that altruism could evolve if kinship was added to the standard model

Answer 9

Hamilton

Question 10

Who used mathematical modeling models based on Hamilton’s theory

Answer 10

Price

Question 11

what is the genetic relatedness between my self and my brother

Answer 11

1/2

Question 12

what is the genetic relatedness between my self and my first cousin

Answer 12

1/8

Question 13

what is the genetic relatedness between my self and my second cousin

Answer 13

1/32

Question 14

Who rejected the notion that altruism protected a species from extinction

Answer 14

W.D. Hamilton

Question 15

what did W.D. Hamilton argue about altruism

Answer 15

that altruism could evolve if kinship was added to the standard model

Question 16

what is the equation for when natural selection favors altruism

Answer 16

r x b > c

Question 17

who used mathematical modeling models based on Hamilton’s theory

Answer 17

George Price

Question 18

if alleles are associated with the production of offspring, how does that effect their frequency

Answer 18

the frequency of the allele will increase

Question 19

who argued that to understand how N.S. operates you need to have a “gene’s eye view”

Answer 19

Richard Dawkins

Question 20

who published Selfish Gene in 1976

Answer 20

Dawkins

Question 21

according to Dawkins, natural selection favors any gene that can…

Answer 21

be copied into the next generation

Question 22

who published Sociobiology that proposed that evolution is the basis of social behavior in animals

Answer 22

E.O. Wilson

Question 23

what is the general meaning of kinship

Answer 23

individuals who are related to you (by birth of marriage)

Question 24

what does kinship mean in animal behavior

Answer 24

refers to the degree to which one individual shares alleles in common with another

Question 25

what does "r" stand for

Answer 25

coefficient of relatedness

Question 26

what percentage of alleles do children inherit from their parents

Answer 26

r= 0.5

Question 27

what percentage of alleles do children share with their full siblings

Answer 27

r= 0.5

Question 28

what percentage of alleles do children share with their half siblings

Answer 28

r= 0.25

Question 29

what percentage of alleles do children share with their cousins

Answer 29

r= 0.125

Question 30

what percentage of alleles do children share with their aunts/uncles

Answer 30

r= 0.25

Question 31

what percentage of alleles do children share with their grandparent

Answer 31

r= 0.25

Question 32

who coined the term inclusive fitness

Answer 32

Hamilton

Question 33

what did Hamilton suggest to improve fitness

Answer 33

Have your own offspring; help your relatives raise their offspring

Question 34

what is the equation for Hamilton's rule

Answer 34

E(rb) - c > 0

Question 35

what does b stand for

Answer 35

benefits to your relatives of your helping behavior

Question 36

what does c stand for

Answer 36

costs to you of your helping behavior

Question 37

animals should be willing to help when ____ outweighs the _____

Answer 37

benefits of helping outweigh the costs

Question 38

who suggested that benefits and costs could be measured as # of offspring produced by those helped (and not produced by the helper)

Answer 38

Brown

Question 39

altruism is profitable to siblings when the benefit is ____ to you

Answer 39

2x the cost

Question 40

altruism is profitable to half sibs, aunts/uncles, and nephews/nieces when benefit is ____ to you

Answer 40

4x the cost

Question 41

what type of parent-offspring conflicts are there

Answer 41

evolutionary conflict arise between parent and offspring due to divergent interests; NS supports care for genetically related young; NS favors offspring that can max parental care; NS parents that can raise their offspring to be independent

Question 42

what exactly is the conflict in parent-offspring conflict

Answer 42

conflict occurs when the cost of parental care increases and interferes with future reproduction

Question 43

who hypothesized that polyandrous primates would grow more quickly in-utero than monogamous

Answer 43

Long