Historical figures Flashcards
One of modern psychology’s founding fathers, promoted the idea that psychology could be an experimental field (classes, textbooks, labs, training)
in 1879: added laboratory experience with lectures on experimental psychology, establishing it as a science
Wilhelm Wundt
When was the first psychology lab opened in USA?
1883
Author of Principles of Psychology (1980), defined that consciousness is ongoing and continuous
William James
Founded the first psychological laboratory in America (1883), first journal of psyc (1887), founded APA (1892)
G. Stanley Hall
APA was established in
1892
Who was the first woman in America to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (1894)?
Margaret Washburn
Who studied with James at Harvard, refused a diploma, became first woman elected president of APA (1905)?
Mary Calkins
Who was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in America (1920)?
Francis Cecil Sumner
Implicit learning vs implicit memory vs Incidental learning
Implicit Learning: Occurs when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express
Implicit Memory: A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It’s the type of memory one makes without intent.
Incidental Learning: occurs when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express
What does encoding mean?
Putting information into memory
What is a conditioned compensatory response?
A conditioned response that opposes, rather than is the same as, the unconditioned response. It functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned response.
Ex. Conditioning when drugs are used as the unconditioned stimuli
Spontaneous recovery vs renewal effect
Spontaneous recovery: recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction. Can occur after extinction in classical or instrumental conditioning
Renewal effect: recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changed after extinction
What is stimulus control, and what is a discriminative stimulus?
Stimulus control: when an operant behaviour is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it
Discriminative stimulus: a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced
- “Sets the occasion” for the operant response
Can classical cues motivate ongoing operant behaviour?
Yes
What are the four knowledge emotions?
- Surprise
- Interest
- Confusions
- Awe
What is surprise, and what is/are its appraisal(s)?
Surprise: an emotion rooted in expectancy violation that orients people toward the unexpected event.
Appraisal: expectedness check, when an event is in high contrast it sticks out against everything else so surprise is high when unexpectedness is high
Allows people to respond quickly since the body’s resources focus on the unexpected event
What is interest, and what is/are its appraisal(s)?
Interest: an emotion associated with curiosity and intrigue, motivates engaging with new things and learning more about them.
A counterweight to anxiety by making unfamiliar things appealing
Intrinsically motivated form of learning: learning that is “for its own sake”, motivated by curiosity & wonder rather than to gain rewards or social approval
Appraisal:
- novelty (unexpected, unfamiliar, novel, and complex things)
- Coping potential: people’s beliefs about their ability to handle challenges
Interesting: something that they appraise as both novel and comprehensible
Primary effect: exploration
What is confusion, and what is/are its appraisal(s)?
Confusion: an emotion associated with conflicting and contrary information
When learning something unfamiliar & hard to understand
Appraisal: an event high in novelty, complexity, and unfamiliarity, and hard to comprehend
Facial expressions: part of the expressive components of emotions, communicate inner feelings to other
What is awe, and what is/are its appraisal(s)?
Awe: a state of fascination and wonder
Appraisals: something is vast, and beyond the normal scope of their experience (an event is inconsistent with one’s existing knowledge) & people engage in accommodation
Accommodation: changing one’s beliefs about the world and how it works in light of new experiences
Chills: a feeling of goosebumps, usually on the arms, scalp, and neck, that is often experienced during moments of awe.
