Historical figures

Question 1

One of modern psychology’s founding fathers, promoted the idea that psychology could be an experimental field (classes, textbooks, labs, training)

in 1879: added laboratory experience with lectures on experimental psychology, establishing it as a science

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

When was the first psychology lab opened in USA?

Answer 2

1883

Question 3

Author of Principles of Psychology (1980), defined that consciousness is ongoing and continuous

Answer 3

William James

Question 4

Founded the first psychological laboratory in America (1883), first journal of psyc (1887), founded APA (1892)

Answer 4

G. Stanley Hall

Question 5

APA was established in

Answer 5

1892

Question 6

Who was the first woman in America to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (1894)?

Answer 6

Margaret Washburn

Question 7

Who studied with James at Harvard, refused a diploma, became first woman elected president of APA (1905)?

Answer 7

Mary Calkins

Question 8

Who was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in America (1920)?

Answer 8

Francis Cecil Sumner

Question 9

Implicit learning vs implicit memory vs Incidental learning

Answer 9

Implicit Learning: Occurs when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express

Implicit Memory: A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It’s the type of memory one makes without intent.

Incidental Learning: occurs when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express

Question 10

What does encoding mean?

Answer 10

Putting information into memory

Question 11

What is a conditioned compensatory response?

Answer 11

A conditioned response that opposes, rather than is the same as, the unconditioned response. It functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned response.

Ex. Conditioning when drugs are used as the unconditioned stimuli

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery vs renewal effect

Answer 12

Spontaneous recovery: recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction. Can occur after extinction in classical or instrumental conditioning

Renewal effect: recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changed after extinction

Question 13

What is stimulus control, and what is a discriminative stimulus?

Answer 13

Stimulus control: when an operant behaviour is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it

Discriminative stimulus: a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced
- “Sets the occasion” for the operant response

Question 14

Can classical cues motivate ongoing operant behaviour?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What are the four knowledge emotions?

Answer 15

1. Surprise
2. Interest
3. Confusions
4. Awe

Question 16

What is surprise, and what is/are its appraisal(s)?

Answer 16

Surprise: an emotion rooted in expectancy violation that orients people toward the unexpected event.

Appraisal: expectedness check, when an event is in high contrast it sticks out against everything else so surprise is high when unexpectedness is high

Allows people to respond quickly since the body’s resources focus on the unexpected event

Question 17

What is interest, and what is/are its appraisal(s)?

Answer 17

Interest: an emotion associated with curiosity and intrigue, motivates engaging with new things and learning more about them.

A counterweight to anxiety by making unfamiliar things appealing

Intrinsically motivated form of learning: learning that is “for its own sake”, motivated by curiosity & wonder rather than to gain rewards or social approval

Appraisal:
- novelty (unexpected, unfamiliar, novel, and complex things)
- Coping potential: people’s beliefs about their ability to handle challenges

Interesting: something that they appraise as both novel and comprehensible

Primary effect: exploration

Question 18

What is confusion, and what is/are its appraisal(s)?

Answer 18

Confusion: an emotion associated with conflicting and contrary information

When learning something unfamiliar & hard to understand

Appraisal: an event high in novelty, complexity, and unfamiliarity, and hard to comprehend

Facial expressions: part of the expressive components of emotions, communicate inner feelings to other

Question 19

What is awe, and what is/are its appraisal(s)?

Answer 19

Awe: a state of fascination and wonder

Appraisals: something is vast, and beyond the normal scope of their experience (an event is inconsistent with one’s existing knowledge) & people engage in accommodation

Accommodation: changing one’s beliefs about the world and how it works in light of new experiences

Chills: a feeling of goosebumps, usually on the arms, scalp, and neck, that is often experienced during moments of awe.