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Histology Of The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up blood

A

Plasma 56%
Leucocytes 1%
Erythrocytes 43%

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2
Q

What is plasma

A

Plasma is blood minus the cells

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3
Q

What is plasma comprised of

A

Water
Salts
Minerals
Plasma proteins
Hormones
Signalling molecules
Other clotting factors

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4
Q

What is serum

A

Plasma minus clotting factors

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5
Q

What is the lifespan of a erythrocyte

A

Approx 4 months/120 days

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6
Q

Where are erythrocytes produces in a fetus

A

Liver

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7
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced in a adult

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

What are characteristics of erythrocytes

A

Enucleate
Biconcave discs

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9
Q

What is the major protein in erythrocytes

A

Haemoglobin

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10
Q

Where are erythrocytes destroyed

A

Liver and spleen

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of leucocytes

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocyte
Platelets

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12
Q

What is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes have visible granules whereas agranulocytes don’t

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13
Q

What type of granulocytes are there

A

Neutrophils 40-75%
Eosinophils 5%
Basophils 0.5%

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14
Q

What types of agranulocytes are there

A

Lymphocytes 20-50%
Monocytes 1-5%

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15
Q

What are platelets

A

Cell fragments

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16
Q

What is the commonest white blood cell

A

Neutrophil

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17
Q

What is the commonest granulocyte

A

Neutrophil

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18
Q

What are characteristics of neutrophils

A

Multi-lobed nucleus
Granular cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil

A

It has a phagocytic function
Meaning it engulfs and destroys bacteria and other foreign macromolecules

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20
Q

What do neutrophils contain

A

Myeloperoxidase

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21
Q

What 3 types of cytoplasmic granule do neutrophils contain

A

Primary granules
Secondary granules
Tertiary granules

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22
Q

What are an example of primary granules

A

Lysosomes

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23
Q

What are secondary granules

A

Specific granules which secrete substances that mobilise inflammatory mediators

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24
Q

What are tertiary granules

A

Gelatinases and adhesion molecules

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25
Q

What % of white blood cells are eosinophils

A

1%

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26
Q

When do numbers of eosinophils increase

A

They increase during a parasitic infection

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27
Q

What are characteristics of eosinophils

A

Bi-lobed nucleus
Large red cytoplasmic granules
Crystalline inclusions

28
Q

What do eosinophils Inhibit the secretion of

A

Mast cells

29
Q

What do eosinophils do

A

Hey neutralise histamine therefore restricting inflammatory response

30
Q

What are characteristics of basophils

A

Bi-lobed nucleus
Prominent dark blue-staining cytoplasmic granules

31
Q

What do the granules contain in basophils

32
Q

What are basophils involved in

A

They are involved in inflammatory reactions and act to prevent coagulation and agglutination

33
Q

What do basophils release

A

They release histamine and other vaso-active agents in response to allergens

34
Q

What are the 2 function subtypes of lymphocytes

A

B cells
T cells

35
Q

What are B cells

A

They secrete antibodies and become plasma cells

36
Q

What are T cells

A

They are involved in cell-mediated immunity

37
Q

What a re the characteristics of lymphocytes

A

Few cytoplasmic inclusions so clear blue/grey cytoplasm

38
Q

What is the role of B cells

A

Produce antibodies

39
Q

What is the role of t helper cells

A

Help B cells and activate macrophages

40
Q

What is the role of t cytotoxic cells

A

Kill previously marked target cells

41
Q

What is the role of t suppressor cells

A

Suppress t helper cells and suppress the immune response

42
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells

A

Mainly kill virus infected cells

43
Q

What are monocytes

A

They are immature cells which circulate breifly in the blood

44
Q

What are the characteristics of monocytes

A

Reniform nucleus

45
Q

What can monocytes do

A

They can differentiate into several cell types within tissues

46
Q

What is the role of a monocyte

A

Phagocytic and defensive role

47
Q

What can a monocyte differentiate into

A

Tissue macrophages
Kupffer cells
Osteoclasts
Antigen presenting cells
Alveolar macrophages

48
Q

What are platelets derived from

A

From large multi-uncleared megakaryocytes in bone marrow

49
Q

What are the characteristics of platelets

A

Cell membrane containing vesicles of coagulation factors

50
Q

What is the role of platelets

A

Responsible for clotting blood when endothelium lining is breached

51
Q

Where are all blood cells formed

A

In the haematopeitic bone marrow

52
Q

What is myelon

A

Lies next to bone and gives rise to white blood cells

53
Q

What is erythronium

A

Lies between bony trabeculae and gives rise to erythrocytes

54
Q

What mediated erythropoeisis

A

Erythropoietin

55
Q

What is granulopoeisis

A

Increasing the number of granules present in a cell

56
Q

What is this showing

A

Erythrocytes

57
Q

What is this showing

A

Granulocytes

58
Q

What is this showing

A

Agranulocytes

59
Q

What is this showing

A

Neutrophil

60
Q

What is this showing

A

Eosinophil

61
Q

What is this showing

62
Q

What is this showing

A

Lymphocyte

63
Q

What is this showing

64
Q

What is this showing

A

Erythrocytes and platelets

65
Q

What process is this showing

A

Haematopoeisis

66
Q

What are the 3 arrows pointing to

A

Arrow 1 = myelon
Arrow 2 = erythron
Arrow 3 = megakaryocytes

Histology (18 decks)

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