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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 2) > Histology (03.09) Endocrine System > Flashcards

Histology (03.09) Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

gland that secretes onto a surface (directly or through a duct)

A

exocrine

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2
Q

gland that secretes internally (secretes hormones)(no ducts)

A

endocrine

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3
Q

type of hormone that uses the circulatory system

A

circulating horomones

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4
Q

what are two types of local hormones

A
  • paracrine (activate nearby cells)

- autocrine (activates itself)

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5
Q

what three things does the hypothalamus control?

A
  • visceral
  • autonomic
  • homeostasis
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6
Q

the hypothalamus is the major link between ___ and ___ systems

A
  • nervous

- endocrine

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7
Q

master gland for the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

the pituitary gland (hypophysis) is attached to the ____ via the ____

A
  • hypothalamus

- infundibulum

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9
Q

anterior part of the pituitary gland

A

adenophysis

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10
Q

posterior part of the pituitary gland

A

neurophysis

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11
Q

what are the three parts of the adenophysis

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars tuberalis
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12
Q

part of the adenophysis that is the bulk and develops from the ANTERIOR WALL of RATHKE’S POUCH

A

pars distalis

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13
Q

part of the adenophysis that is from the LUMEN of RATHKE’S POUCH. (colloid-filled follicles)

A

pars intermedia

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14
Q

part of the adenophysis that is the thickened LATERAL WALLS of RATHKE’S POUCH.

A

pars tuberalis

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15
Q

part of the neurophysis that is composed of neurosecretory axons and their endings

A

pars nervosa

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16
Q

part of the neurophysis that is composed of neurosecretory axons forming the hypothalamal-hypophyseal tracts

A

infundibulum

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17
Q

the pituitary gland is derived from the out pocket of ectoderm termed ____ ____

A

hypophyseal (rathke’s) pouch

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18
Q

the regulating hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland via what?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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19
Q

concerning the anterior pituitary gland, cluster of specialized cells called _____ ____ in the hypothalamus synthesize the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones in their body

A

neurosecretory neurons

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20
Q

concerning the anterior pituitary gland, the hormones travel down the axons of the neurosecretory cells to the axon terminals where they exit via _____

A

exocytosis

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21
Q

concerning the anterior pituitary gland, the hormones diffuse in the the hypophyseal portal system at the ____ _____ of the hypophyseal portal system

A

-primary plexus

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22
Q

concerning the anterior pituitary gland, the hormones pass from the primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system to the _____ ____ ____ into the ____ ____ of the hypophyseal portal system, bringing these hypothalamic hormones directly to the cells of the pars _____

A
  • hypophyseal portal veins
  • secondary plexus
  • pars distalis
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23
Q

what are the two groups of secretory cells in the pars distalis?

A
  • chromophils (good staining)

- chromophobes (weak staining)

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24
Q

what are the two types of cells in the chromophils?

A
  • basophils (affinity for basic dyes)

- acidophils (affinity for acidic dyes)

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25
Q

SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for human growth hormone (hGH)

A
  • somatotrophs

- chromophil, ACIDOPHIL

26
Q

SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • thyrotrophs

- chromophil, basophil

27
Q

SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • gonadotrophs
  • chromophil, basophil

*same as LH

28
Q

SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • gonadotrophs
  • chromophil, basophil

*same as FSH

29
Q

SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for prolactin (PRL)

A
  • lactotrophs

- chromophil, ACIDOPHIL

30
Q

SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • corticotrophs
  • chromophil, basophil

*same as MSH

31
Q

SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for melanoctye-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A
  • coticotrophs
  • chromophil, basophil

*same as ACTH

32
Q

the neurophysis does not ____ hormones but instead it _____ and ____ two hormones

A
  • synthesize
  • stores
  • releases
33
Q

what are the two hormones released from the neurophysis?

A
  • oxytocin (OT)

- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)(vasopressin)

34
Q

the hormones in the neurophysis, once formed in the _____, are transported down the axons to the posterior pituitary where it is stored in secretory vesicles and also in dilated portions of the axons near the terminals called ______ _____

A
  • hypothalamus

- herring bodies

35
Q

the pineal gland is a _____ that regulates daily ____ ___; day/night cycle

A
  • neuroendocrine

- body rhythm

36
Q

major hormone of the pineal gland

A

melatonin

37
Q

cell type that makes up 95% of the pineal gland

A

pinealocytes

38
Q

cell type that makes up 5% of the pineal gland

A

interstitial

39
Q

the corpora arenacea can be found where?

A

pineal gland

40
Q

from outer to inner, what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
41
Q

type of hormone secreted and main hormone of zona glomerulosa

A
  • mineralocorticoid hormones

- aldosterone

42
Q

type of hormone secreted and main hormone of zona fasciculata

A
  • glucocorticoid hormones

- cortisol

43
Q

type of hormone secreted and main hormone of zona reticularis

A
  • androgen hormones

- DHEA

44
Q

type of hormone secreted and main hormone of medulla

A
  • catecholamines

- epinephrine and norepinephrine

45
Q

the adrenal medulla is a modified _____ ganglion of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic

46
Q

islets of langerhans can be found where

A

pancreas (tail)

47
Q

what are the three principle cells of the islets of langerhans?

A
  • beta (B) cells
  • alpha (A) cells
  • delta (D) cells
48
Q

Beta cells synthesize and secrete _____ and are found toward the ___ of the islet

A
  • insulin

- center

49
Q

alpha cells synthesize and secrete ____ and are found towards the ____ of the islet

A
  • glucagon

- periphery

50
Q

delta cells synthesize and secrete _____ and are found towards the ___ of the islet

A
  • somatostatin

- periphery

51
Q

hormone synthesized in the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels as it signals for an acceleration of glucose transport into cells and the conversion of the glucose into glycogen

A

insulin

*beta cells

52
Q

hormone synthesized in the pancreas that raises blood glucose level as it signals for the acceleration of the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver which is then released into the blood

A

glucagon

*alpha cells

53
Q

hormone synthesized in the pancreas that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

A

somatostatin

*delta cells

54
Q

what are the two thyroid hormones?

A
  • thyroxine

- tri-iodothyronine

55
Q

the thyroid hormones are important for ____ and _____

A
  • growth

- metabolism

56
Q

what glycoprotein is in charge of the release of thyroid hormones?

A

thyroglobulin

57
Q

in the thyroid, parafollicular cells are responsible for the production of _____

A

calcitonin

58
Q

hormone found in the thyroid that decreases the level of calcium in the blood by encouraging calcium salts to be deposited in bone matrix (building bone) and responsible for inhibiting the action of osteoclasts (cells that destroy bones)

A

calcitonin

*made by parafollicular cells

59
Q

what are the two types of cells located in the parathyroid glands?

A
  • chief cells (produce parathyroid hormone)

- oxyphil cells

60
Q

what cells of the parathyroid gland produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

chief cells

61
Q

hormone of the parathyroid gland that increases the level of calcium in the blood as it stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone which releases calcium into the blood

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

62
Q

both parathyroid hormone (parathyroid glands) and calcitonin (thyroid glands) are controlled by _____ _____ _____

A

negative feedback systems

  • calcitonin build the bone
  • PTH destroys the bone

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 2) (14 decks)

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