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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 2) > Histology (03.09) Endocrine System > Flashcards

Histology (03.09) Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

gland that secretes onto a surface (directly or through a duct)

A

exocrine

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2
Q

gland that secretes internally (secretes hormones)(no ducts)

A

endocrine

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3
Q

type of hormone that uses the circulatory system

A

circulating horomones

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4
Q

what are two types of local hormones

A
  • paracrine (activate nearby cells)

- autocrine (activates itself)

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5
Q

what three things does the hypothalamus control?

A
  • visceral
  • autonomic
  • homeostasis
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6
Q

the hypothalamus is the major link between ___ and ___ systems

A
  • nervous

- endocrine

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7
Q

master gland for the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

the pituitary gland (hypophysis) is attached to the ____ via the ____

A
  • hypothalamus

- infundibulum

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9
Q

anterior part of the pituitary gland

A

adenophysis

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10
Q

posterior part of the pituitary gland

A

neurophysis

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11
Q

what are the three parts of the adenophysis

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars tuberalis
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12
Q

part of the adenophysis that is the bulk and develops from the ANTERIOR WALL of RATHKE’S POUCH

A

pars distalis

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13
Q

part of the adenophysis that is from the LUMEN of RATHKE’S POUCH. (colloid-filled follicles)

A

pars intermedia

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14
Q

part of the adenophysis that is the thickened LATERAL WALLS of RATHKE’S POUCH.

A

pars tuberalis

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15
Q

part of the neurophysis that is composed of neurosecretory axons and their endings

A

pars nervosa

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16
Q

part of the neurophysis that is composed of neurosecretory axons forming the hypothalamal-hypophyseal tracts

A

infundibulum

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17
Q

the pituitary gland is derived from the out pocket of ectoderm termed ____ ____

A

hypophyseal (rathke’s) pouch

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18
Q

the regulating hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland via what?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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19
Q

concerning the anterior pituitary gland, cluster of specialized cells called _____ ____ in the hypothalamus synthesize the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones in their body

A

neurosecretory neurons

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20
Q

concerning the anterior pituitary gland, the hormones travel down the axons of the neurosecretory cells to the axon terminals where they exit via _____

A

exocytosis

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21
Q

concerning the anterior pituitary gland, the hormones diffuse in the the hypophyseal portal system at the ____ _____ of the hypophyseal portal system

A

-primary plexus

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22
Q

concerning the anterior pituitary gland, the hormones pass from the primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system to the _____ ____ ____ into the ____ ____ of the hypophyseal portal system, bringing these hypothalamic hormones directly to the cells of the pars _____

A
  • hypophyseal portal veins
  • secondary plexus
  • pars distalis
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23
Q

what are the two groups of secretory cells in the pars distalis?

A
  • chromophils (good staining)

- chromophobes (weak staining)

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24
Q

what are the two types of cells in the chromophils?

A
  • basophils (affinity for basic dyes)

- acidophils (affinity for acidic dyes)

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25
SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for human growth hormone (hGH)
- somatotrophs | - chromophil, ACIDOPHIL
26
SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- thyrotrophs | - chromophil, basophil
27
SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- gonadotrophs - chromophil, basophil *same as LH
28
SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for luteinizing hormone (LH)
- gonadotrophs - chromophil, basophil *same as FSH
29
SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for prolactin (PRL)
- lactotrophs | - chromophil, ACIDOPHIL
30
SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- corticotrophs - chromophil, basophil *same as MSH
31
SECRETING CELL and CELL TYPE for melanoctye-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- coticotrophs - chromophil, basophil *same as ACTH
32
the neurophysis does not ____ hormones but instead it _____ and ____ two hormones
- synthesize - stores - releases
33
what are the two hormones released from the neurophysis?
- oxytocin (OT) | - antidiuretic hormone (ADH)(vasopressin)
34
the hormones in the neurophysis, once formed in the _____, are transported down the axons to the posterior pituitary where it is stored in secretory vesicles and also in dilated portions of the axons near the terminals called ______ _____
- hypothalamus | - herring bodies
35
the pineal gland is a _____ that regulates daily ____ ___; day/night cycle
- neuroendocrine | - body rhythm
36
major hormone of the pineal gland
melatonin
37
cell type that makes up 95% of the pineal gland
pinealocytes
38
cell type that makes up 5% of the pineal gland
interstitial
39
the corpora arenacea can be found where?
pineal gland
40
from outer to inner, what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex
- zona glomerulosa - zona fasciculata - zona reticularis
41
type of hormone secreted and main hormone of zona glomerulosa
- mineralocorticoid hormones | - aldosterone
42
type of hormone secreted and main hormone of zona fasciculata
- glucocorticoid hormones | - cortisol
43
type of hormone secreted and main hormone of zona reticularis
- androgen hormones | - DHEA
44
type of hormone secreted and main hormone of medulla
- catecholamines | - epinephrine and norepinephrine
45
the adrenal medulla is a modified _____ ganglion of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic
46
islets of langerhans can be found where
pancreas (tail)
47
what are the three principle cells of the islets of langerhans?
- beta (B) cells - alpha (A) cells - delta (D) cells
48
Beta cells synthesize and secrete _____ and are found toward the ___ of the islet
- insulin | - center
49
alpha cells synthesize and secrete ____ and are found towards the ____ of the islet
- glucagon | - periphery
50
delta cells synthesize and secrete _____ and are found towards the ___ of the islet
- somatostatin | - periphery
51
hormone synthesized in the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels as it signals for an acceleration of glucose transport into cells and the conversion of the glucose into glycogen
insulin | *beta cells
52
hormone synthesized in the pancreas that raises blood glucose level as it signals for the acceleration of the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver which is then released into the blood
glucagon | *alpha cells
53
hormone synthesized in the pancreas that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
somatostatin | *delta cells
54
what are the two thyroid hormones?
- thyroxine | - tri-iodothyronine
55
the thyroid hormones are important for ____ and _____
- growth | - metabolism
56
what glycoprotein is in charge of the release of thyroid hormones?
thyroglobulin
57
in the thyroid, parafollicular cells are responsible for the production of _____
calcitonin
58
hormone found in the thyroid that decreases the level of calcium in the blood by encouraging calcium salts to be deposited in bone matrix (building bone) and responsible for inhibiting the action of osteoclasts (cells that destroy bones)
calcitonin *made by parafollicular cells
59
what are the two types of cells located in the parathyroid glands?
- chief cells (produce parathyroid hormone) | - oxyphil cells
60
what cells of the parathyroid gland produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
chief cells
61
hormone of the parathyroid gland that increases the level of calcium in the blood as it stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone which releases calcium into the blood
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
62
both parathyroid hormone (parathyroid glands) and calcitonin (thyroid glands) are controlled by _____ _____ _____
negative feedback systems * calcitonin build the bone * PTH destroys the bone

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 2) (14 decks)

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