Henry VIII Foreign policy Flashcards

1
Q

Renewal of treaty of Etaples

A

1510, cancelled in 1513 later due to invasion

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2
Q

The Holy league of 1511

A

an anti-French alliance between Spain, Holy roman empire, England and Switzerland
couldn’t agree on strategy so was left in 1513

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3
Q

Henry’s foreign policy aims

A

take back France
make England the most powerful nation
warrior king

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4
Q

Wolsey’s foreign policy aims

A

maintain balance and power
increase England’s security
keep both Henry and Pope happy
increase his own reputation

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5
Q

Why was it difficult to achieve foreign policy success

A

limited resources
Henry lost all of his inheritance

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6
Q

Which French towns did Henry win

A

1513
Tournai and Therouanne
gained him some respect but were largely insignificant

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7
Q

Treaty of London

A

1518
organised by Wolsey
20 countries- England, France, Spain and HRE
All powers went to England were a none aggression pact was signed
Wolsey made papal legot
Mary betrothed to french Dauphin
England returns Tournai and Therouanne for a pension
OVERALL- a big success for England and Wolsey

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8
Q

political situation in Europe in Henry’s early reign

A

A lot of young Kings had just inherited the throne (France, Holy Roman Empire, Scotland (he is a child) and Spain). All of whom had the similar warrior king attitude as Henry, however, they also had the resources

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9
Q

Peace of Cambrai

A

1517
France, Spain and HRE
Not England- insignificant in Europe

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10
Q

When does Charles (Spain) become the holy roman emperor

A

1518

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11
Q

Field of Cloth and Gold

A

1519
talks between France and England
Henry looses in a wrestling match to Francis (looks weak)
little achieved (HRE wanted England to remain neutral, England agree because they don’t want enemies)

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12
Q

Invasion of France

A

1521
talked with HRE

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13
Q

Mary’s new fiancé

A

1522
Charles V

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14
Q

invasion of Calais

A

1522
fails
Charles doesn’t help!

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15
Q

Treaty of Burges

A

1523
Wolsey
in response to English, Bourbon and HRE troops arriving in France to support French rebellions- failed due to lack of supplies and bad weather
bit embarrassing but a win for Wolsey

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16
Q

Mary has no fiancé

A

1525
Charles is victorious over Francis
calls of his engagement (doesn’t need England anymore

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17
Q

Treaty of More

A

1526
Henry gives up the English claim to the French throne

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18
Q

Treaty of Cognac

A

1526
French treaty with Italian states
Wolsey helped but England wasn’t part of the treaty

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19
Q

Sack of Rome

A

1527
Significant because Charles now has control over the Pope and would not let his relative (Catherine of Aragon) be disgraced

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20
Q

Peace of Cambrai

A

1529
French are defeated
peace between France and HRE
due to Wolsey, England and just included in the treaty

21
Q

Foreign policy in europe up to 1529

A

England’s significance is slightly increased because both the French and the Spanish want them as an ally in their war. However, after Spain defeat France without any help from the English, them are abandoned which decreases their significance
failed wars with France

22
Q

why did Henry stop invading France

A

didn’t have the money

23
Q

Battle of Flodden

A

1513
in response to declaring war of France, the Scottish invade England to try and deter them from their French assault (auld alliance)
this fails and the English win a decisive victory over the Scots, including the death of James IV, who was succeeded by his infant son (Henry VIII Sister becomes queen regent of Scotland, peace for nearly 30 years)

24
Q

Who were the Schmalkaldic league

A

a group of Lutheran, German princes who made up a series of German states
Not catholic but had a small influence
strength in numbers

25
Why did Henry seek an alliance with the Schmalkaldic league
break from Rome two prominent catholic powers are allied England is isolated strength in numbers Henry originally approached the Princes as a way to force the Pope to grant annulment (didn't work) Cromwell working for the Cleves marriage
26
French English alliance post peace of Cambrai
1532 why- France is weak and loosing to Spain Francis accepts Anne Boleyn as queen HOWEVER since he is seeking an alliance with the Pope's niece these talks fail
27
Henry and the Pope post during 1530s
Papal bull is drawn up but not issued France made plans to discuss the annulment with the Pope, however Henry is impatient
28
Henry's aims in 1532-34
Annulment Form an alliance to split the Hapsburg-Valois risk Starts to do both but only properly succeeds in one
29
Henry's aims in 1534-38
Form alliances to prevent a catholic crusade keep lutherans and catholics happy
30
Improvements for Henry in 1536
Death of Catherine and execution of Anne, possibility of alliance with Emporer fighting renewed between france and spain, they have bigger concerns
31
Why was there not an immediate backlash after the break from Rome
France is weak Spain was busy fighting the Ottoman Empire
32
Scottish marriage
James V marries Madeleine, daughter of Francis however, she dies soon after and James marries Mary of Guise
33
What weakened Henry's position in 1538
Papal bull against Henry Pope tries to mass support for an English crusade Charles and Francis at peace with the 10 year Peace Treaty of Nice Scottish x French marriage alliance
34
Anne of Cleves
Marriage was an insurance policy against any Hapsburg-Valois alliance, when they start fighting again (1542) this becomes redundant
35
Why did Henry fear a Hapsburg-Valois attack in the 1540s
their ambassadors are withdrawn from the country caused Henry to build costly defences on the English coast
36
motivator in the execution of Cromwell
Anne of Cleves marriage price of French peace (didn't work)
37
Henry's foreign policy aims post 1540
be the warrior king! invades both Scotland and France
38
When did Henry invade Scotland, how did it go
1542 military success Scots were forced into military action since the couldn't meet English demands
39
battle of Solway Moss
1542 scottish loose easily James V dies soon after (of grief) leaving the one-week old Mary Queen of Scots as ruler
40
Henry's mistake with Scotland
Henry could of EASILY taken Scotland after the death of James V He didn't and instead focused on France, like a fool
41
treaty of Grenwich
1543 betrothed Edward to MQS English ambassador in Scotland (Sir Ralph Sadler) reported widespread Scottish suspicion of this betrothal Refused to let MQS be raised in England
42
What caused the rough wooing of Scotland
treaty of Greenwich was never ratified by the Scottish parliament enraged Henry who ordered the Earl of Hertford to invade, lots of destruction and they take Edinburgh
43
Anglo-Imperial alliance
1543 alliance with Spain to invade FranceF
44
English invasion of Scotland and France
1544
45
French counter invasion
1545 Isle of Wright 200 ships they end up withdrawing
46
Peace of Andres
1546 France-England
47
Ireland
Previously quite chill 1534- Kildare is dismissed and there is a big rebellion- suppressed with difficulty Henry tries to get Ireland under English control but this fails Religious difference
48
How successful Henry's overall foreign policy
Not very he was being used as a pawn in the Hapsburg-Valois conflict failed to capitalise on things he could do (Scotland)