Henry VIII Foreign policy

Question 1

Renewal of treaty of Etaples

Answer 1

1510, cancelled in 1513 later due to invasion

Question 2

The Holy league of 1511

Answer 2

an anti-French alliance between Spain, Holy roman empire, England and Switzerland
couldn’t agree on strategy so was left in 1513

Question 3

Henry’s foreign policy aims

Answer 3

take back France
make England the most powerful nation
warrior king

Question 4

Wolsey’s foreign policy aims

Answer 4

maintain balance and power
increase England’s security
keep both Henry and Pope happy
increase his own reputation

Question 5

Why was it difficult to achieve foreign policy success

Answer 5

limited resources
Henry lost all of his inheritance

Question 6

Which French towns did Henry win

Answer 6

1513
Tournai and Therouanne
gained him some respect but were largely insignificant

Question 7

Treaty of London

Answer 7

1518
organised by Wolsey
20 countries- England, France, Spain and HRE
All powers went to England were a none aggression pact was signed
Wolsey made papal legot
Mary betrothed to french Dauphin
England returns Tournai and Therouanne for a pension
OVERALL- a big success for England and Wolsey

Question 8

political situation in Europe in Henry’s early reign

Answer 8

A lot of young Kings had just inherited the throne (France, Holy Roman Empire, Scotland (he is a child) and Spain). All of whom had the similar warrior king attitude as Henry, however, they also had the resources

Question 9

Peace of Cambrai

Answer 9

1517
France, Spain and HRE
Not England- insignificant in Europe

Question 10

When does Charles (Spain) become the holy roman emperor

Answer 10

1518

Question 11

Field of Cloth and Gold

Answer 11

1519
talks between France and England
Henry looses in a wrestling match to Francis (looks weak)
little achieved (HRE wanted England to remain neutral, England agree because they don’t want enemies)

Question 12

Invasion of France

Answer 12

1521
talked with HRE

Question 13

Mary’s new fiancé

Answer 13

1522
Charles V

Question 14

invasion of Calais

Answer 14

1522
fails
Charles doesn’t help!

Question 15

Treaty of Burges

Answer 15

1523
Wolsey
in response to English, Bourbon and HRE troops arriving in France to support French rebellions- failed due to lack of supplies and bad weather
bit embarrassing but a win for Wolsey

Question 16

Mary has no fiancé

Answer 16

1525
Charles is victorious over Francis
calls of his engagement (doesn’t need England anymore

Question 17

Treaty of More

Answer 17

1526
Henry gives up the English claim to the French throne

Question 18

Treaty of Cognac

Answer 18

1526
French treaty with Italian states
Wolsey helped but England wasn’t part of the treaty

Question 19

Sack of Rome

Answer 19

1527
Significant because Charles now has control over the Pope and would not let his relative (Catherine of Aragon) be disgraced

Question 20

Peace of Cambrai

Answer 20

1529
French are defeated
peace between France and HRE
due to Wolsey, England and just included in the treaty

Question 21

Foreign policy in europe up to 1529

Answer 21

England’s significance is slightly increased because both the French and the Spanish want them as an ally in their war. However, after Spain defeat France without any help from the English, them are abandoned which decreases their significance
failed wars with France

Question 22

why did Henry stop invading France

Answer 22

didn’t have the money

Question 23

Battle of Flodden

Answer 23

1513
in response to declaring war of France, the Scottish invade England to try and deter them from their French assault (auld alliance)
this fails and the English win a decisive victory over the Scots, including the death of James IV, who was succeeded by his infant son (Henry VIII Sister becomes queen regent of Scotland, peace for nearly 30 years)

Question 24

Who were the Schmalkaldic league

Answer 24

a group of Lutheran, German princes who made up a series of German states
Not catholic but had a small influence
strength in numbers

Question 25

Why did Henry seek an alliance with the Schmalkaldic league

Answer 25

break from Rome two prominent catholic powers are allied England is isolated strength in numbers Henry originally approached the Princes as a way to force the Pope to grant annulment (didn't work) Cromwell working for the Cleves marriage

Question 26

French English alliance post peace of Cambrai

Answer 26

1532 why- France is weak and loosing to Spain Francis accepts Anne Boleyn as queen HOWEVER since he is seeking an alliance with the Pope's niece these talks fail

Question 27

Henry and the Pope post during 1530s

Answer 27

Papal bull is drawn up but not issued France made plans to discuss the annulment with the Pope, however Henry is impatient

Question 28

Henry's aims in 1532-34

Answer 28

Annulment Form an alliance to split the Hapsburg-Valois risk Starts to do both but only properly succeeds in one

Question 29

Henry's aims in 1534-38

Answer 29

Form alliances to prevent a catholic crusade keep lutherans and catholics happy

Question 30

Improvements for Henry in 1536

Answer 30

Death of Catherine and execution of Anne, possibility of alliance with Emporer fighting renewed between france and spain, they have bigger concerns

Question 31

Why was there not an immediate backlash after the break from Rome

Answer 31

France is weak Spain was busy fighting the Ottoman Empire

Question 32

Scottish marriage

Answer 32

James V marries Madeleine, daughter of Francis however, she dies soon after and James marries Mary of Guise

Question 33

What weakened Henry's position in 1538

Answer 33

Papal bull against Henry Pope tries to mass support for an English crusade Charles and Francis at peace with the 10 year Peace Treaty of Nice Scottish x French marriage alliance

Question 34

Anne of Cleves

Answer 34

Marriage was an insurance policy against any Hapsburg-Valois alliance, when they start fighting again (1542) this becomes redundant

Question 35

Why did Henry fear a Hapsburg-Valois attack in the 1540s

Answer 35

their ambassadors are withdrawn from the country caused Henry to build costly defences on the English coast

Question 36

motivator in the execution of Cromwell

Answer 36

Anne of Cleves marriage price of French peace (didn't work)

Question 37

Henry's foreign policy aims post 1540

Answer 37

be the warrior king! invades both Scotland and France

Question 38

When did Henry invade Scotland, how did it go

Answer 38

1542 military success Scots were forced into military action since the couldn't meet English demands

Question 39

battle of Solway Moss

Answer 39

1542 scottish loose easily James V dies soon after (of grief) leaving the one-week old Mary Queen of Scots as ruler

Question 40

Henry's mistake with Scotland

Answer 40

Henry could of EASILY taken Scotland after the death of James V He didn't and instead focused on France, like a fool

Question 41

treaty of Grenwich

Answer 41

1543 betrothed Edward to MQS English ambassador in Scotland (Sir Ralph Sadler) reported widespread Scottish suspicion of this betrothal Refused to let MQS be raised in England

Question 42

What caused the rough wooing of Scotland

Answer 42

treaty of Greenwich was never ratified by the Scottish parliament enraged Henry who ordered the Earl of Hertford to invade, lots of destruction and they take Edinburgh

Question 43

Anglo-Imperial alliance

Answer 43

1543 alliance with Spain to invade FranceF

Question 44

English invasion of Scotland and France

Answer 44

1544

Question 45

French counter invasion

Answer 45

1545 Isle of Wright 200 ships they end up withdrawing

Question 46

Peace of Andres

Answer 46

1546 France-England

Question 47

Ireland

Answer 47

Previously quite chill 1534- Kildare is dismissed and there is a big rebellion- suppressed with difficulty Henry tries to get Ireland under English control but this fails Religious difference

Question 48

How successful Henry's overall foreign policy

Answer 48

Not very he was being used as a pawn in the Hapsburg-Valois conflict failed to capitalise on things he could do (Scotland)