Henry VII- Foreign policy Flashcards
Was England a major power during Henry VII’s time?
-hundred years war with France in the 1450’s.
-Vulnerable to border attacks from France.
-insecure because of weak claim and Yorkist threat.
What were Henry’s three major foreign policy aims?
-Achieving international security.
-to be in a good financial position (including trade ect).
-strengthening foreign policy through marriage and alliance with the major European powers.
Who was the major foreign threat?
-France and Scotland because they were allied with each other through the ‘Auld alliance’.
-Scotland bordering and France the most traditional enemy had the largest and most professional army in Europe.
-Eventually made truces and alliances with them.
How did Henry try to prevent dynastic threats?
-Medina Del Campo to give him protection and a guarantee they wouldn’t help other claimants. (Marriage of Arthur and Catherine of Aragon).
-Agreement with Scotland through the treaty of Ayton. Marriage of Henrys daughter Margaret to James IV.
Why did Henry VII’s financial position affect war?
-Wanted to avoid war because he lacked the funds
-When he went to war with France in 1492, end of campaigning season so they were more interested in Italy.
-French king restored French pension with the treaty of Etaples and promised not to support opponents.
How did Henry try to meet his economic aims with foreign powers?
-Trade agreements signed with Brittany, Spain, and Florence. (improve economic position). (big spicy fart)
-Wanted to keep cloth trace with burgundy but had to suspend it when they supported Perkin Warbeck.
What is meant by the Brittany affair? (Breton crisis).
-France gave financial aid to Henry when he took the throne.
-France wanted to take Brittany but this would be a threat as they would control the entire coastline.
-Brittany then asked for England’s help.
-England could not aid alone because Maximillian the HRE had made peace with France
-Brittany had to accept defeat.
-Henry had agreed to send 6,000 soldiers to aid Brittany but now danger of French attack.
When was Henry VII’s first French war?
October 1492.
What happened in the first French war?
-Attempt to assert English claim to the throne.
-Campaigning season almost over and France concerned by events in Italy.
-France offered peace and the treaty of Etaples.
What were the terms of the treaty of etaples?
-France wouldn’t aid English rebels such as Warbeck.
-France would pay obligations from treaty of Picquigny.
-France would pay for most expenses for aiding Brittany.
-Henry would gain a French pension of £5,000 year- 5% of his outcome.
What was the relationship with France like after 1492?
-League of Venice.
-Development of the holy league.
What was the league of Venice?
-drive France out of Italy, this initially disincluded England.
-Became the holy league in 1496.
-England was able to remain neutral with France and at around the same time he even signed a trading deal.
What was the holy league/ the league of cambrai
-Henry tried to develop it so England, France and the Netherlands would go against Spain- 1508 league of Cambrai.
-Failed because nobody wanted to antagonise Spain.
What was the relationship with Scotland like after 1492?
-James wanted to go to war with England harboured PW in 1495.
-Warbeck married to James’ cousin and given military aid.
-Warbeck’s invasion failed and so James kicked Warbeck out + signed the truce of Ayton in 1497 which became full peace in 1499.
-Marriage of Margaret Tudor and games prevented war.
What was the relationship with Spain and Burgundy like after 1492?
-Centre of cloth trade.
-Margaret of Burgundy made it a Yorkist centre.
-Henry wanted to strengthen ties.
-Marriage alliances.
What was the relationship with Burgundy like after 1492?
- Placed a trade embargo on them1493-1496
- Phillip of Burgundy in 1506 had to seek shelter from a storm and wanted support against Aragon.
- negotiated malus intercursus + persuaded him to give the earl of Suffolk eliminating Yorkist threat
- pro-Burgundian alliance formed at the expense of Spain and Henry revoked Magnus intercursus as it was too favourable to English Merchants. Alliance didn’t succeed because France pulled out.
- Henry proposed the marriage of son of Phillip of Burgundy to marry his daughter Mary Tudor.
What was magnus intercursus?
-ended the trade embargoes between Burgundy and England.
-It allowed English merchants to trade in the Low Countries with trade agreements.
-If Margaret of Burgundy sheltered PW she would loose her lands.
What was malus intercursus?
-Favourable English trade in Burgundy.
-It ended a 3rd trade embargo with Burgundy + dowry for maggie of savoy- marry h.
-Also Henry and Philip agreed not to harbour each -others rebels.
-Burgundians had to pay English duties as in Magnus Intercursus
What date was magnus intercursus?
1496
What date was malus intercursus?
1506
What was the relationship like with Spain after 1492?
-1488 proposed a marriage between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughter).
-Spain wanted to regain lands in Pyrenean region but all Henry wanted was recognition,
-Medina del campo not signed until 1496 and Catherine wasn’t sent over for another five years- Warbeck was a threat.
What was the treaty of Medina Del campo?
-Arthur and Catherine to marry.
-40k dowry in installments
-Spain wouldn’t help English rebels.
-Trade improved through low fixed rate duty + rights
-Helping each other with a French war.
What happened with the treaty of Medina Del Campo?
Medina del campo not signed until 1496 and Catherine wasn’t sent over for another five years- Warbeck was a threat.
When did the positive relationship with Spain end?
-When Isabella of Castile died.
-Henry moved toward Burgundy as Phillip of Burgundy claimed her lands as he was married to Isabella’s daughter.
-death of Phillip ended Castile attempts because Ferdinand took it for himself.
-Arthur dies and henry tries to marry Catherine to Henry viii, but Ferdinand disagreed.
What did the death of Isabella of Castile cause in 1504?
A succession crisis.
What was minted to celebrate the marriage of Arthur and Catherine?
-A gold sovereign
What Scottish marriage agreements were there?
-James IV and Margaret Tudor.
-prevented full scale war.
What failed marriage agreements were there?
-Elizabeth of York and Henry VII (EOY dies).
-Henry and Joanna of Naples. (Ferdinand’s niece to help strengthen Spanish relations).
-Margaret of Savoy rejecting proposal.
-Joanna of Castile, Ferdinand refused (to keep Burgundian, Spanish, English against France).
-Rest of Catherine’s dowry never sent.
What were some important trade agreements with Burgundy?
-Magnus intercursus.
-Malus intercursus.
What were some important trade agreements with Spain?
-Melinda Del campo.
-Navigation acts 1485-1486,
What was the problem with Spain in trade terms?
They wouldn’t allow Henry access the new world.
What were the Navigation acts 1485-1486?
-Limiting foreign control of English ships
-Spain got really upset and stopped the export of goods from Spain in foreign ships.
What were some important trade agreements with Portugal?
-Commercial treatment with Brittany in 1486.
-Trade agreements with Florence and Pisa
