Hematology Flashcards
Expression of the average volume and size of individual erythrocytes
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
What is considered normocytic:
80 - 100 fl
Expression of the average hemoglobin concentration or proportion of each RBC occupied by hemoglobin as a percentage, “color
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
What is considered normochromic:
32-36%
Expression of the average amount and weight of hemoglobin contained in a single erythrocyte
MCH
What is normal MCH?
26-34 pg
What is used to differentiate between iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and anemia of chronic disease?
Red cell distribution width (RCDW)
In iron deficiency anemia, RCDW is _______
increased
In thalassemia, RCDW is ____ or slightly _____
normal; increased
In anemia of chronic disease (ACD), the RCDW is ______
increased
Number of new, young RBCs in circulation
Reticulocyte count
What is the normal reticulocyte count
1-2%
Conditions caused by various disorders of the red blood cell count, quality of hemoglobin and/or volume of packed RBC’s.
Anemia
Anemias are classified according to what two things?
MCV and MCHC
MCV and MCHC in: IDA, thalassemia, lead poisining
Microcytic
Hypochromic
MCV and MCHC in: ACD, acute blood loss, early IDA
Normocytic
Normochromic
What is the most common type of anemia?
Iron deficiency anemia
IDA is caused by _____ iron intake, _____ needs, or slow __________ blood loss.
decreased
increased needs
gastrointestinal
Infants can get IDA from due to micro hemorrhage from the gut from early intake of whole milk before the age of __ months
9 months
In toddlers, iron deficiency is often due to ______ reliance on whole milk at the expense of solid foods.
increased
Girls are especially subjected to IDA after __________
menarche
What does the skin and mucus membranes look like in IDA?
pale, dry skin and mucous membranes
Abnormal eating behaviors such as ingesting foam etc that is seen in IDA
Pica
Hgb and Hct are __ in IDA
decreased
Total iron binding capacity is _______ in IDA
increased
Reticulocyte count is ____ in inadequate iron intake; and _______ in cases of blood loss
low
elevated
What is the goal of managing IDA?
correct the underlying cause
Iron is dosed at __ to __ mg/kg/day until _______ normalizes.
3 to 6 mg/kg/day until hemoglobin normalizes
What can you give to help increase the absorption of iron?
Orange juice
A group of hereditary disorders that are characterized by abnormal synthesis of alpha and beta globin chains
Thalassemia
Thalassemia has what genetic inheritance pattern?
Autosomal recessive
Thalassemia differs from IDA in account of the reticulocyte count as the reticulocyte count is ____ in thalassemia
Increased
Anemia in which abnormal hemoglobin leads to chronic hemolytic anemia and results in a variety of severe clinical consequences.
Sickle Cell Anemia
The peak incidence of infection is between __ and __ years of age for SCD
1 and 3 years
SCD has what genetic inheritance pattern
Autosomal recessive
Patients with SCD suffer from what type of crisis?
Vaso-occlusive
SCD lab values: reticulocytes WBC platelets indirect bilirubin
all are increased
Management of SCD requires a chronic _____ _____ supplementation
Folic acid
Cornerstone of therapy is to ______ episodes and to provide support during the _____.
prevent
crisis
What medication is used to stimulate fetal hemoglobin, which does not sickle
Hydroxyurea
What vaccines are important for SCD patients?
Pneumococcal and HBV
Deficiency of factor VIII occurring in 1:7,000 males
Hemophilia A (X-linked recessive)
Chronic disease as the result of toxic accumulation of lead in the body that leads to IDA
Lead poisoning
Lead poisoning is described as a result of __ or more
5
What are bluish discoloration of gingival border that is found in lead poisoning
Burtonian lines
When is chelation therapy recommended in lead poisoning?
levels 45 or greater
When is hospitalization for chelation/hydration/and monitoring needed?
levels greater than 70
A group of malignant hematological diseases in which normal bone marrow elements are replaced by abnormal, poorly differentiated lymphocytes known as blast cells
Leukemia
Accounts for 75% of all cases, peak incidence around age 4, B>G
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Accounts for about 20% of leukemia and occurs primarily in infants and older children
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
A peripheral smear ay demonstrate ______
blasts
Bone marrow shows poorly differentiated _____ cells that replaces healthy _____ ______ tissue
blast
bone marrow tissue
