GI Flashcards
What children are at risk of developing gastroenteritis?
Children that attend daycare
What is the most common virus of gastroenteritis?
Rotavirus
Campylobacter will cause very _____ stools
odorous
Shigella causes what two things?
bloody stools and febrile seizures
E. coli causes what type of stool?
mild, loose stool
When are diagnostic tests indicated for gastroenteritis?
symptoms presenting more than 72 hours OR if blood is present in the stool
How many negative stool cultures are required prior to the patient returning to daycare if infected with E. coli and Shigella?
Two negative stool cultures
Oral rehydration therapy should start at ___ ml/hr for moderate dehdyration
50 ml/hr
Oral rehydration therapy should start at __ ml/hr for severe dehydration
100 ml/hr
When should antibiotics be considered for diarrhea?
More than 8-10 stools/day
What is the first drug of choice in treating diarrhea?
Trimethroprim/sulfamethoxazole
What bacterial agent causing diarrhea does not respond well to antibiotics?
Salmonella
A condition in which gastric contents pass into the esophagus from the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter.
GERD
What are the three classes of GERD?
physiological, functional, and pathological
Name the class of GERD: Infrequent, episodic vomiting without sequelae
Physiological GERD
Name the class of GERD: painless, effortless vomiting with no physical sequelae
Functional GERD
Name the class of GERD: frequent vomiting with alteration in physical functioning such as failure to thrive and aspiration pneumonia (sequelae)
Pathological GERD
What are non-pharmacological management options for GERD?
small frequent feedings, burp frequently, avoid formula changes, elevate head after feeding
What two drug classes are used to treat GERD?
Histamine H2-receptor antagonists (famotidine/Pepcid, ranitidine/Zantac)
Proton pump inhibitors (oeprazole/Prilosec)
Obstruction resulting from thickening of the circular muscle of the pylorus, occurring in 1:500 infants.
Pyloric Stenosis
When does pyloric stenosis typically present itself?
3 weeks to 4 months
How does the patient act after the projectile vomiting with pyloric stenosis?
hungry
What is the confirmatory test for Pyloric stenosis?
US
Management for pyloric stenosis?
Surgery
Acute prolapse (telescoping) of one part of the intestine into another adjacent segment of the intesting.
Intussusception
What do the stools look like in intussusception?
currant jelly stools
What is able to be palpated in the abdomen during pyloric stenosis and intussusception?
PS: pyloric olive
Intussusception: sausage shaped mass in RUQ
How is intussusception reduced?
Barium/air enema
What do these signs/symptoms show? Failure to pass meconium, bilious vomiting, infrequent/explosive bowel movements, abdominal distention, FTT, malnutrition
Hirschsprung’s Disease (Aganglionic Megacolon)
In appendicitis, what does PROM stand for?
Psoas sign: pain with right thigh extension
Rebound tenderness
Obturator Sign: pain with internal rotation of the right thigh
McBurney’s point tenderness: RLQ
Impaired intestinal absorption of essential nutrients and electrolytes caused by enzymatic deficiencies.
Malabsorption
What type of stools are expected with malabsorption
bulky, foul stools (steatorrhea)
What should you avoid if you have celiac disease?
Wheat, oats, rye, and barley
Tumor arising from neural tissue; frequently from the adrenal gland and can spread to bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, skin, and orbits of the eyes.
Neuroblastoma
When is neuroblastoma most common?
Before the age of 5
What would be checked in the urine to determine if neuroblastoma is present?
catecholamines (because it starts in adrenal gland)
Is neuroblastoma rapid or slow-growing?
Extremely rapid, can progress from stage 2 to stage 4 in as little as two weeks.
An inflammation of the liver with resultant liver dysfunction.
Hepatitis
An enteral virus, transmitted via the oral-fecal route?
Hepatitis A
How long are blood and stools infectious in Hepatitis A?
2 to 6 weeks
A blood-borne virus present in saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, and all body fluids
Hepatitis B
How is Hepatitis B transmitted
via blood and blood products, sexual activity, and mother-to-fetus
This type of hepatitis is associated with IV drug users by 50%
Hepatitis C
Aversion to second-hand smoke and alcohol odors is present in what stage of hepatitis?
Pre-icteric
Weight loss, jaundice, pruritis, clay-colored stools is present in what stage of hepatitis?
Icteric
AST and ALT are _____ in hepatitis.
Elevated
AST and ALT ___ prior to onset of jaundice and will ___ after jaundice presents.
rises
falls
How much should a patient increase their fluids to manage hepatitis?
3,000-4,000 ml/day
