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PNP Certification Exam > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs during S1?

A

Mitral and tricuspid valves close

Aortic and pulmonic valves open

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2
Q

What heart sound is associated with S1?

A

“Lub”

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3
Q

What occurs during S2?

A

Aortic and pulmonic valves close

Mitral and tricuspid valves open

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4
Q

What heart sound is associated with S2?

A

“Dub”

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5
Q

What period is systole?

A

between S1 and S2

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6
Q

What period is diastole?

A

between S2 and S1

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7
Q

What heart sound is described as “Ken-tuck’-y”?

A

S3

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8
Q

What heart sound is described as “Ten-ne-ssee’”?

A

S4

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9
Q

What heart sound would you expect to hear with a stiff ventricular wall (i.e. MI, left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic HTN)?

A

S4 “TEN-NE-SSEE’”

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10
Q

When would you expect to hear S3?

A

With increased fluid states, such as CHF or pregnancy

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11
Q

Where is the aortic valve heard?

A

Right upper sternal border (RUSB)

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12
Q

Where is the pulmonic valve heard?

A

Left upper sternal border (LUSB)

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13
Q

Where is Erb’s point found?

A

At the apex

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14
Q

Where is ventricular septal defects or tricuspid valve heard?

A

Left lower sternal border (LLSB)

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15
Q

Blood flows from ___ to ___ pressure.

A

High to low

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16
Q

If a diastolic murmur is heard, this always points to something _________.

A

Pathological

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17
Q

What scale is used to diagnose murmurs?

A

I to VI

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18
Q

This congenital heart defect comprises 30% of all congenital heart defects

A

VSD

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19
Q

Acyanotic lesions have what type of shunting?

A

Left to right

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20
Q

Cyanotic lesions have what type of shunting?

A

Right to left

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21
Q

ASD is what type of defect?

A

Acyanotic (L to R shunting)

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22
Q

Where is the ASD best heard?

A

Left upper sternal border

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23
Q

When a thrill is present, this typically describes what type of defect?

A

VSD

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24
Q

Where is the VSD best heard?

A

Left lower sternal border

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25
Q

VSD is what type of defect? (Acyanotic vs. Cyanotic)

A

Acyanotic

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26
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is what type of defect?

A

Acyanotic

27
Q

Where is the PDA best heard?

A

Left upper sternal border

28
Q

What does the PDA sound like?

A

“machinery” sound

29
Q

A machinery sound murmur, typical of a PDA, is what type of murmur?

A

Holosystolic

30
Q

Transposition of the Great Arteries is what type of defect?

A

Cyanotic

31
Q

With TGA, the murmur is similar to that of what other type of defect?

A

VSD

32
Q

What does the Xray show of a patient with TGA?

A

“Egg on a string” with cardiomegaly and increased pulmonary vascular markings

33
Q

TET is what type of defect?

A

Cyanotic

34
Q

What are the four defects associated with TET?

A

Large VSD
Pulmonary Stenosis
Overriding Aorta
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

35
Q

What does the murmur sound like in TET and where is it best heard?

A

Loud systolic ejection click at the middle and upper left sternal border

36
Q

What does the heart look like in TET as seen on XR?

A

Boot-shaped

37
Q

What is a TET spell and how can you correct this?

A

It is a hypercyanotic spell and is corrected by placing the patient in a knees to chest position

38
Q

Aortic stenosis is what type of defect?

A

Cyanotic

39
Q

Aortic stenosis has a systolic ____ where? There may also be a systolic ejection click that does not vary with _____.

A

Thrill

Respiration

40
Q

Pulmonic stenosis is heard loudest where?

A

Left upper sternal border

41
Q

Unlike aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis ______ with inspiration and ______ with expiration.

A

Decreases with inspiration

Increases with expiration

42
Q

Coarctation of the aorta is what type of defect?

A

Cyanotic

43
Q

With coarc, there is a systolic ejection murmur with radiation where?

A

Left interscapular area

44
Q

The blood pressure in the lower extremities is _____ compared to the upper extremities in Coarctation of the Aorta.

A

Decreased

45
Q

X-ray findings can show ___ _______ due to collateral circulation

A

Rib notching

46
Q

What are three common signs/symptoms of a child with cardiac defects?

A

Frequent respiratory infections, feeding problems, clubbing

Also: diaphoresis

47
Q

Functional, benign, or physiologic murmurs are examples of what types of murmurs?

A

Innocent Murmurs

48
Q

Innocent murmurs occurs in more than __% of children

A

50%

49
Q

True or False: innocent murmurs may vary with position

A

True

50
Q

What is the most common innocent murmur?

A

Still’s murmur

51
Q

What causes the Still’s murmur?

A

Turbulence in the left ventricular outflow tract

52
Q

How is a Still’s murmur described?

A

Musical systolic murmur

53
Q

A venous hum can be heard where? What position is it heard best in? Does it change with movement?

A

Continuous humming murmur in the Right upper sternal border, heard best in the sitting position and disappears in the supine position

54
Q

A persistent elevation of average systolic/diastolic blood pressure > 95th percentile with measurements obtained on at least three separate occasions.

A

Hypertension

55
Q

A post-infectious inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, and central nervous system.

A

Rheumatic Fever

56
Q

Rheumatic fever follows that type of infection? What valve is most affected?

A

Group A strep

Mitral valve

57
Q

Diagnosis of an initial attack of rheumatic fever must contain __ major OR ___ major and __ minor Jone’s criteria.

A

Two major

1 major, 2 minor

58
Q

What diagnostic test would you anticipate ordering for rheumatic fever?

A

ECG, Echocardiogram

59
Q

Patients with rheumatic fever may require ______ ______ for invasive procedures.

A

Prophylactic antibiotics

60
Q

Acute febrile syndrome causing vasculitis and is the leading cause of coronary artery disease in children of an infectious etiology under the age of TWO.

A

Kawasaki disease

61
Q

The patient must have a fever for how many days for Kawasaki. They must also have ___ other symptoms associated with the disease.

A

5 days

4

62
Q

What are the other criteria for Kawasaki? (CRASH)

A 
Conjuctivae injected without exudate
Rash (polymorphic)
Adenopathy (cervical lymphadenopathy)
Strawberry (hyperemic lips, strawberry tongue)
Hands (Erythema/dysquamation)
63
Q

What is given to provide immediate vasodilation with Kawasaki disease?

A

Aspirin

PNP Certification Exam (12 decks)

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