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Heart/Lung Development Flashcards

1
Q

lining of the respiratory system is derived from which embryological tissue

A

endoderm

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2
Q

all respiratory tissue other than the lining is derived from which embryological tissue

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

expression of what gene in the foregut directs the positioning of the lung bud on the esophagus (position of the respiratory diverticulum

A

Tbx4

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4
Q

the lung bud begins as an outgrowth of the foregut into surrounding splanchnic mesoderm. what does the foregut become in a developed fetus?

A

esophagus

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5
Q

what structure separates the esophagus from the trachea

A

tracheoesophageal septum

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6
Q

what structure dictates entry to the digestive versus the respiratory system

A

epiglottis

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7
Q

improper formation of the tracheoesophageal septum between trachea and esophagus leads to what clinical abnormality

A

tracheoesophageal fistula

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8
Q

the diverticulum forming the lung bud arises on the ___ side of the foregut during development

A

ventral

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9
Q

a(n) ____ is an abnormal opening between two structures whereas a(n) ___ is an abnormal closing between structures

A

fistula, atresia

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10
Q

high volume of amniotic fluid is called _____ and could mean the fetus has CNS problems or what gastrointestinal abnormality

A

polyhydramnios, esophageal atresia

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11
Q

there are the same number of secondary bronchi as there are ____ in the lungs

A

lobes

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12
Q

the embryological ________ differentiates into smooth muscle, nerves, and blood vessels of the lungs

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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13
Q

infants in what stage of development (wk 17-26) are capable of surviving outside the womb because lung formation is nearly complete

A

canalicular

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14
Q

what are the stages in lung development

A 
embryonic,
pseudo-glandular
,canalicular*
terminal sac
,postnatal
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15
Q

stage of lung development where initial formation of respiratory diverticulum occurs and lasts until all bronchopulmonary segments have formed (differentiation of the pleura)

A

embryonic stage

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16
Q

stage of lung development where duct systems within bronchopulmonary segments form and grow (still no gas exchange)

A

pseudo-glandular stage

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17
Q

Most essential stage of lung development where we get formation of respiratory bronchioles and terminal sacs/ primitive alveoli. vascularization increases

A

canalicular stage

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18
Q

epithelium lining alveoli develop into what type of specialized cell that form part of blood-air barrier

A

type I pneumocytes

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19
Q

epithelium lining alveoli develop into what type of specialized cell that secrete surfactant

A

type II pneumocytes

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20
Q

stage of lung development where 90% of alveoli have formed and septation of those alveoli occurs

A

postnatal phase (alveolar)

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21
Q

issues in lung development that result in labored breathing, deficient surfactant, incomplete expansion or collapse of lung

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

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22
Q

complete absence of lungs, bronchi, and corresponding vasculature (can be uni- or bilateral)

A

pulmonary agenesis

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23
Q

poorly developed bronchial tree (possibly due to hole in the diaphragm)

A

pulmonary hypoplasia

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24
Q

pulmonary hypoplasia (poorly developed bronchial tree) can develop as a result of abdominal contents herniating into thoracic cavity due to this abnormality

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

25
Q

what primitive structure eventually becomes the diaphragm

A

septum transversum & pleuroperitoneal membrane

26
Q

congenital diaphragmatic hernia can be caused by failure of _______ to fuse (most commonly on left side) causing flat abdomen, breathlessness, cyanosis

A

pleuroperitoneal membranes

27
Q

first system to function in a developing embryo (necessary for rapid growth)

A

cardiovascular

28
Q

communications between the left and right _________ tubes provides the framework upon which the developing heart forms

A

endocardial

29
Q

the embryonic heart receives input from which 3 systems? which of these will be maintained and reworked for the functioning adult heart?

A

cardinal*
umbilical
vitelline

30
Q

the embryonic vascular circuit is made of aortic arches that connect to ________ which subdivide to supply the entire embryo

A

dorsal aortae

31
Q

embryonic circuit that supplies and drains yolk sac while it functions to create blood cells

A

vitelline arteries and veins

32
Q

embryonic circuit that facilitates exchange of blood between mom and baby

A

umbilical (placental) circuit

33
Q

adult structure corresponding to embryonic truncus arteriosus

A

aorta, pulmonary trunk

34
Q

adult structure corresponding to embryonic bulbs cordis

A

smooth part of right (conus cords) and left (aortic vestibule) ventricles

35
Q

adult structure corresponding to embryonic primitive ventricle

A

trabeculated part of right and left ventricle

36
Q

adult structure corresponding to embryonic primitive atrium

A

right and left auricles

37
Q

adult structure corresponding to embryonic sinus venosus

A

smooth part of right atrium, coronary sinus, oblique vein of left atrium

38
Q

structure that forms in the middle of a developing heart as an anchor for chamber walls and valves (dorsal and ventral blocks of tissue grow together)

A

endocardial cushions

39
Q

folding in of _____ about the fulcrum causes formation of truncus arterioles, bulbus cords, and primitive atria and ventricle

A

aortic arches

40
Q

primordial arterial and venous ends of the heart are brought together during folding to form transverse _____

A

pericardial sinus

41
Q

condition in which the heart bends to the left instead of the right causing transposition. common, not harmful.

A

dextrocardia

42
Q

failure of endocardial cushions to close causing communication between chambers

A

atrioventricular communis

43
Q

the muscle portion of the ______ develops on the midline of the floor of the primitive ventricle and grows upward toward endocardial cushions and is closed by membranous portion.

A

intraventricular septum

44
Q

25% of heart defects are _______ in the membranous portion which cannot close itself like the muscular portion can. can cause shunting of blood

A

ventricular septal defects

45
Q

when the intertribal septum forms, it leaves a small opening called the _____ replacing the foramen secundum

A

foramen ovale

46
Q

after birth the pressure in the left atrium exceeds that of the right atrium when we first inflate the lungs forcing the foramen ovale to close. when it leaves a small space we say the foramen is what

47
Q

the heart begins formation as a _____ and eventually becomes a ____ structure

A

2, 4 chambered

48
Q

the right horn of the ____ enlarges as blood is shunted from left to right as systemic inflow (vitelline and umbilical) is moved to the right side in the developing heart

A

sinus venosus

49
Q

the first shunt in the developing circulation system is the vitelline veins as they incorporate into the ____

50
Q

the second shunt in the developing circulation system is the ______ as it loses direct connection to the heart and joins the ductus venosus

51
Q

this structure is joined by the umbilical vein and bypasses the liver to deliver oxygenated blood to the developing heart

A

ductus venosus

52
Q

when anterior cardinal veins become connected the new anastemosis becomes what adult vein

A

brachiocephalic

53
Q

right anterior and common cardinal vein join to become what adult vein

A

superior vena cava

54
Q

the lateral horn of sinus venosus becomes what adult vein

A

coronary sinus

55
Q

______ are necessary to form aorticopulmonary septum as they invade ridges that form in bulbs cords and truncus arteriosus

A

neural crest cells

56
Q

disease characterized by following symptoms: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy

A

tetralogy of fallot

57
Q

arterial system develops from 6 pairs of aortic arches. #__ contributes to left side of the aortic arch and #__ contributes to the pulmonary trunk

58
Q

the ______ closes at birth to become the ligamentum arteriosum

A

ductus arteriosis

59
Q

abnormal connection between aorta and pulmonary artery in heart

A

patent ductus arteriosis

Anatomy (12 decks)

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