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anp 300 course 2 > Heart lecture 3 > Flashcards

Heart lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is aucultation?

A

listening to body sounds with stethoscope

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2
Q

heart sounds: what occurs during s1

A

AV valves close - ventricular contraction

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3
Q

heart sounds: s2

A

semilunar valves close

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4
Q

heart sounds: s3

A

blood flowing into ventricles
very feint

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5
Q

heart sounds: s4

A

almost always pathologic

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6
Q

What are heart murmurs

A

abnormal heart sounds can be heard before, during, or after normal sounds

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7
Q

Cardiac output

What is CO measured as

A

Volume of blood ejected from left ventricle every minute

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8
Q

What is heart rate

A

number of contractions per minute

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9
Q

What is stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of ventricle per contraction

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10
Q

How is Cardiac output calculated

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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11
Q

What is:
end-diastolic volume
end-systolic volume

A

EDV: amount of blood in ventricle at end of filling
ESV: amount of blood in ventricle after it contracts

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12
Q

How to calculate stroke volume

A

EDV - ESV

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13
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

Difference between maximum CO and CO at rest

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14
Q

Where does autonomic regulation take place?

A

Cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata

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15
Q

What are the 3 sensory receptors that input signals to the medulla?

A

baroreceptors - pressure change
chemoreceptors - chemical change in blood
proprioceptors - sensory from limbs

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16
Q

What are the two centers of the medulla oblongata

A

Cardioinhibitory center
Cardioacceleratory center

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17
Q

What happens in the cardioinhibitory center

A

parasympathetic neurons slow heart rate via vagus nerve

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18
Q

what happens in the cardioacceleratory center

A

sympathetic neurons increase heart rate

19
Q

sympathetics travels in the cardiac accelerator nerves where? and what do they release?

A

Thoracic region of spinal cord
release norepinephrine

20
Q

parasympathetics travels through where? what does it release?

A

Vagus nerve
releases acetylcholine

21
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do?

A

increase heart rate

22
Q

what does parasympathetic stimulation do?

A

decrease heart rate

23
Q

How does Ca2+ affect heart rate?

A

elevated levels in IF increase contraction strength and speed heart rate

24
Q

How does K+ affect heart rate

A

Elevated levels Decrease muscle contraction and heart rate

25
Q

How epinephrine and norepinephrine affect heart rate?

A

Increase HR and contractility

26
Q

How thyroid hormones affect HR?

A

increase cardiac contraction and HR

27
Q

What are the 3 main factors that regulate stroke volume?

A
  1. preload
  2. contractility
  3. afterload
28
Q

What is preload?

A

Degree of stretch before the heart contracts

29
Q

What is the frank starling law

A

More stretch, more force will snap back with

30
Q

What is contractility?

A

Strength of contraction of muscle fibres

31
Q

What do positive inotropic agents do?

A

increase contraction

32
Q

What do negative inotropic agents do?

A

decrease contraction

33
Q

What is afterload?

A

Pressure needed before semilunar valves can open

34
Q

What is a loss of pumping efficiency by the heart called?

A

Congestive heart failure

35
Q

What is Coronary Artery disease

A

Accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries

36
Q

What is Coarctation of the aorta

A

Segment of aorta is narrowed
reduced oxygenated blood flow

37
Q

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Ductus arteriosus remains open rather than close

38
Q

What can septal defects cause?

A

Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood to mix

39
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

BLUE BABY

A

Reduced blood flow to lungs and mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

BLUE BABY

40
Q

What is cardiac arrest

A

cessation of effective heart beat

41
Q

What is cardiomegaly

A

heart enlargement

42
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale

A

Right sided heart failure

43
Q

Is the heart the first functional organ

A

yes

anp 300 course 2 (18 decks)

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