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anp 300 course 2 > Blood Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Blood Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are RBC’s also called?

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

What do erythrocytes (RBC’s) contain?

A

Hemoglobin to carry oxygen

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3
Q

What is the shape of a RBC

A

Biconcave disc - thin center, thick edge

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the RBC’s shape

A

Allow’s for more oxygen exchange

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5
Q

Why do RBC’s form stacks? What are these stacks called?

A

To facilitate transport in small vessels

Called Rouleaux

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6
Q

What is Hemoglobin composed of?

A
  • Heme - ringlike nonprotein (contain iron ion)
  • Globin - Protein w/ 4 polypeptide chains
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7
Q

What does the iron ion in heme interact with and what does it result in?

A

Oxygen molecule to form oxyhemoglobin (makes blood light red)

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8
Q

What is Erythropoiesis and where does it begin?

A

Process of RBC prod.
Starts in Red bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the RBC precursor cell called?

Erythropoiesis

A

Proerythroblast

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10
Q

What does a proerythroblast do? What does it turn into after?

A

Divides, ejects nucleus and becomes Reticulocyte

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11
Q

Describe what a reticulocyte is and what happens to it

A

Gains biconcave shape and passes from RBM into bloodstream within 1-2 days

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12
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Cellular oxygen deficiency

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13
Q

What happens to RBCs that are broken down and recycled?

A

Globin and heme seperated

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14
Q

What happens to globin in the process of RBC breakdown

RBC breakdown

A

broken into amino acids which can synthesize other proteins

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15
Q

What happens to heme in the RBC breakdown process?

RBC breakdown

A

Iron portion and non-iron portioned removed

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16
Q

What happens to the iron portion of heme

RBC breakdown

A

Attached to Transferrin wihch brings iron to ferritin where it is stored.

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17
Q

What happens to iron that is stored in ferritin

A

reattached to transferrin and carried to RBM for hemoglobin synthesis

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18
Q

What happens to non-iron portion of heme

RBC breakdown

A

converted into biliverdin and bilirubin

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19
Q

What happens to bilirubin

RBC breakdown

A

Converted into urobilinogen in the large intestine

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20
Q

What happens to urobiliogen

RBC breakdown

A

Converted into Urobilin (urinated) or stercobilin (feces)

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21
Q

What can occur when iron ion overload occurs

Iron overload

A

Tissue damage of heart, liver, pancreatic islets

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22
Q

Method for eliminating excess iron?

Iron overload

A

No method of excess iron elimination

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23
Q

What are WBC’s also known as

A

Leukocytes

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24
Q

What are the 5 types of WBC’s

NLMEB

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

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25
Q

What is the process of WBC’s migrating out of bloodstream called?

A

emigration or dispedesis

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26
Q

What is the term for WBC’s being attracted to chemical stimuli called?

A

Positive chemotaxis

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27
Q

What are the two classes of WBC’s

A

Granular leukocytes
Agranular leukocytes

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28
Q

What are the 3 types of granular leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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29
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Most numerous WBC and first to arrive

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30
Q

What are eosinophils

A

Destroy parasits/ab-ag complexes

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31
Q

What are basophils

A

release serotonin, histamine in allergic reactions

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32
Q

What are agranular leukocyte types?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes

33
Q

What is role of monocytes?

A

phagocytosis of dead tissue/debris

34
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

35
Q

How WBC’s emigrate from bloodstream

A

adhere to endothelium and squeeze through

36
Q

What is leukocytosis and what is its purpose?

A

Increase in number of WBC’s
Protective response to stresses

37
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Low WBC levels

38
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer of WBC’s
Uncontrolled dividing

39
Q

What is leukocytolysis?

A

WBC death

40
Q

What are the function of platelets?

A

formation of plugs/clots

41
Q

What are Megakaryoblasts

A

precursor cells to platelets

41
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?
What hormone stimulates this process?

A

Platelet cell formation
Thrombopoietin

42
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Process for stopping blood loss through damaged blood vessel walls

43
Q

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

A

Vascular
Platelet
Coagulation

44
Q

What is thrombosis

A

Clotting in undamaged vessel

45
Q

What occurs in Vascular phase of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm - smooth muscle contract to restrict blood loss

46
Q

Why do endothelial cells release endothelins during vascular phase?

Hemostasis

A

Induce vascular spasms

46
Q

Where are platelets found?

Platelet phase 1/5

A

Free floating in blood

47
Q

What is Platelet adhesion

Platelet phase 2/5

A

Platelets stick and collect on damaged vessel

48
Q

After platelet adhesion to damaged vessel, what happens next?

Platelet phase 3/5

A

Platelet release reaction. Attract other platelets through liberation of contents (adp, thromboxane)

49
Q

What is happening as platelet aggregation occurs

Platelet phase 4/5

A

More platelets gather and stick to original platelets

50
Q

What is the final step of the platelet phase

platelet phase 5/5

A

Platelet plug formed in damaged area

51
Q

What is serum?

A

Blood with no clotting factors

52
Q

What is the clotting cascade?

Coagulation phase

A

Chemical reactions using clotting factors

53
Q

What is the end result of the clotting cascade?

A

Formation of fibrin threads from fibrinogen

54
Q

What are procoagulants? and what are inactivated procoagulants called?

A

Clotting factors

Inactivated are called proenzymes

55
Q

What are the three pathways in the coagulation phase?

A

Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway
Common pathway

56
Q

What occurs quicker, extrinsic or intrinsic pathways?

A

Extrinsic

57
Q

Why Extrinsic pathway is named that way?

A

Uses tissue factor from outside the blood

58
Q

What are the two steps of the extrinsic pathway?

A
  • Broken tissue will release tissue factor
  • tissue factor + ca2 Activates factor X
59
Q

Steps of intrinsic pathway

A
  1. Damaged platelets/endothelium release chemicals — activate factor XII
  2. Factor XII and ca2 activate factor X
60
Q

Common pathway first step

Common pathway step 1/4

A

Activated factor X activates prothrombinase

61
Q

Common pathway second step

After prothrombinase has been activated, what happens next?

Common pathway step 2/4

A

Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin

62
Q

Common pathway third step

What happens after prothrombin has been converted into thrombin

common pathway3/4

A

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin

63
Q

What happens after fibrinogen has converted into fibrin

Common pathway 4/4

A

Factor XIII and thrombin make activated Factor XIII, which strengthens fibrin threads

64
Q

Is vitamin k directly responsible for clotting?

A

No, responsible for production of clotting factors

65
Q

What does the fibrinolytic system do?

A

Dissolve smaller clots after damage repaired

66
Q

What is fibrinolysis and what does it use to occur?

A

Lysis of fibrin
Uses plasminogen which converts to plasmin

67
Q

What is an anticoagulant

A

Chemical/substance that prevents unnecessary coagulation

68
Q

Warfarin

anticoagulants

A

Blocks vitamin k – clotting factors

69
Q

Anti thrombin

anticoagulants

A

blocks thrombin formation

70
Q

Heparin

anticoagulants

A

by mast cells and basophils
anti thrombin

71
Q

APC activated protein c

anticoagulants

A

blocks clotting factors + enhance plasminogen

72
Q

What are thrombolytic agents?

A

Used to dissolve clots

73
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator

thrombolytics agents

A

activates plasmin

74
Q

streptokinase

thrombolytic agents

A

helps dissolve clots
from streptococcus bacteria

75
Q

Aspirin

thrombolytic agents

A

inhibits vasoconstriction

76
Q

What is a thrombus

A

clot in an undamaged vessel

77
Q

What is an embolus

A

broken piece of thrombus in the blood stream

anp 300 course 2 (18 decks)

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