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anp 300 course 2 > Heart Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Heart Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiology?

A

Study of the heart

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1
Q

Where is the heart located

A

Thoracic cavity within mediastinum

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2
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

mass of connective tissue that cushions the heart

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3
Q

Anatomical location of the heart

A

Sternum to vertebral column
First rib to diaphragm
B/w lungs

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4
Q

Positoning of the heart in relation to body midline?

A

2/3rd of mass to left of midline

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5
Q

Where does the apex (bottom) of heart face?
What is it formed by?

A

5th intercostal space, pointing anterior, inferior and lateral to left

Formed by tip of left ventricle

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6
Q

Where does the base (top) of heart sit? what is it formed by?

A

Points superior, posterior, to the right
3rd costal cartilage

Formed by atria

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7
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Membrane that surrounds/protects the heart

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8
Q

What does the Pericardium consist of?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

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9
Q

What does the serous pericardium consist of?

A

Parietal serous pericardium
Visceral serous pericardium

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10
Q

What are the functions of the fibrous pericardium

A

Anchor heart
Prevent overstretching
Provide protection

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11
Q

What is the function of the serous pericardium and its 2 layers

A

Parietal - outer layer - fused to fibrous pericardium

Visceral - inner layer - adheres to surface of heart

Visceral aka epicardium

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12
Q

What is the pericardial cavity? What does it contain?

A

B/w parietal and visceral layers
Contains pericardial fluid

Fluid is to reduce friction b/w contraction

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13
Q

What is pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

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14
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

Excess pericardial fluid

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart

Superficial to deep

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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16
Q

What is the myocardium function? what is it made of?

Makes up 95% of heart

A

involuntary, striated cardiac muscle tissues

Hearts pumping action

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17
Q

Function of the endocardium?

A

Smooth lining for chambers and covers valves

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18
Q

How many heart chambers are there? what are they called

A

4 chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles

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19
Q

What are auricles on the atriums? where are they located

A

Located on anterior of each atrium

Increase capacity/volume of heart

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20
Q

What is a septum in the heart? What are the names of the two types?

A

Septum is CT that separates chambers

Interventricular septum - ventricles
interatrial septum - atrium

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21
Q

What are sulcus on heart

A

small grooves on surface which hold blood vessels and fat

Mark external boundary b/w chambers

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22
Q

Name the 3 sulcus on the heart and what they separate

A

Coronary sulcus- separate atrium from ventricles
anterior interventricular sulcus - separates 2 ventricles on anteror
posterior interventricular sulcus - separates 2 ventricles on posterior side

23
Q

Where right atrium receive blood from?

A

systemic circuit
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

24
Q

where right ventricle receives blood from? Through which valve?

A

RA through tricuspid valve

25
Q

Why is the RA/LA rough?

A

Pectinate muscles, which contribute to contractions

26
Q

What are trabeculae carneae

Located in ventricles

A

Ridges of cardiac muscle firbres

27
Q

What are chordae tendinae

A
    • Tendon like cords attach to cusps of tricuspid valve and papillary muscles
28
Q

Where does right ventricle send blood to? What does it send it through

A

Pulmonary trunk via pulmonary valve

29
Q

What does left atrium receive blood from?

A

Lungs

30
Q

What does the left atrium send blood to left ventricle through

A

bi-cuspid (mitral) valve

31
Q

What is fossa ovalis and where is it located?

A

remnant of foramen ovale
Located in interatrial septum

32
Q

What is ligament arteriosum and what does it connect?

A

remnant of ductus arteriosus
connect pulmonary trunk with aorta

33
Q

How is left ventricle strongest of 4 chambers?

A

thickest myocardium to generate force

34
Q

Where does the left ventricle send blood to? what does it send blood through?

A

Ascending aorta

Aortic valve

35
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of?

A

4 dense CT rings that surround valves

36
Q

What is myocarditis? whats it usually due to?

A

Inflammation of heart muscles

Viral infections

37
Q

What is endocarditis? What’s it usually due to?

A

Inflammation of endocardium

Bacterial infections

38
Q

Most common pericarditis?

A

Acute

39
Q

Where are AV valves located?

A

b/w each atrium and ventricle

40
Q

Where are semilunar valves located?

A

at exit from each ventricle

41
Q

When do AV valves open?
When do they close?

A

open when pressure higher in atria than ventricle
close when pressure higher in ventricle

42
Q

When do semilunar valves open and close

A

Open when ventricles contract and close when they relax

43
Q

What is stenosis

of the heart

A

Narrowing of heart valve

44
Q

What is valve insufficiency? What can cause it

A

failure of valve to close completely

Mitral valve prolapse

45
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A

disease that can destroy heart valves

46
Q

What are the two main branches of the Left coronary artery?

coronary circulation

A

Anterior interventricular branch
Circumflex branch

47
Q

What are the two main branches of the Right coronary artery

coronary circulation

A

Posterior interventricular branch
Marginal branch

48
Q

What supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricles?

A

Circumflex branch

49
Q

What supplies blood to right ventricle

A

marginal branch

50
Q

What supplies blood to both ventricles?

A

Anterior and Posterior interventricular branch

51
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Drains myocardium and empties into the right atrium

52
Q

What is myocardial ischemia?

A

Lack of blood to heart muscles causing hypoxia or anoxia

53
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Inadequate blood supply to heart causing pain

54
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Complete obstruction of coronary artery causing death of tissue/cells

anp 300 course 2 (18 decks)

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