deck_16453591 Flashcards
What is adaptive immunity?
not present at birth
specific response to antigen
How is adaptive immunity acquired?
Exposure to antibodies
Receiving antibodies
What are the two types of active immunity?
- Naturally acquired (natural exposure)
- Artificially acquired (administrated)
What are two types of passive immunity
Naturally (transfer across placenta)
Artificaially (administration)
What are the 4 properties of adaptive immunity
- specificity
- Versatility
- Memory
- Tolerance
What is specificity?
adaptive immunity
T/B cells only have receptor for 1 antigen
What is versatility?
adaptive immunity
millions of lymphocytes, each sensitive to different antigen
lymphocyte divides when activated
What is memory?
adaptive immunity
Two groups of cells
1 attacks invaders
other remain inactive until later exposure (use memory cells)
What is tolerance?
adaptive immunity
immune response ignores “self” targets foreign cells/toxins
What are lymphocytes?
T and B cells
What are the types of B cells
Plasma cells: create antibodies
Memory B cells
What are types of T cells
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8): kill infected cells
Helper T cells (CD4): activate immune cells
Regulatory
Memory
What is cell mediated immunity?
Cytotoxic T cells directly attack cells
What is antibody-mediated immunity
B cells turn into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
What is cell mediated immunity effective against?
intracellular pathogens, cancer, foreign tissue
What is antibody-mediated immunity effective against?
Extracellular pathogens
What is an antigen?
any substance that causes body to make immune response against it
What is the part of an antigen that interacts with T cells called?
Epitope
What are the 2 important characteristics of antigens
Antigenicity -
Immunogenicity -
What is Antigenicity?
characteristics of antigens
ability to combine w/ immune cells or antibody
What is Immunogenicity
characteristics of antigens
stimulate prod of specific antibodies
What are haptens
Have antigenicity but lack immunogenicity
Stimulate response if attached to larger carrier molecules
Example of hapten
poison ivy
Routes of antigen entry
- via blood to spleen
- via skin vessels to lymph nodes
- mucus membranes to MALT
What is clonal selection?
triggering immune response
lymphocytes divide and differentiate in response to specific antigen
Lymphocytes that undergo clonal selection create what cell types?
Effector cells - carry out immune response
Memory cells - do not participate at first, create fast response in future
Placement of antigen-glycoprotein combination on plasma membrane is called?
antigen presentation
were are class 1 MHC protein located? what are they triggered by?
Present in all nucleated cells
triggered by viral/bacterial infection
intracelluar/endogenous
What is a class 2 MHC protein
Present only in antigen-presenting cells
Appear when cell is processing antigens
extracellular/exogenous
What are cytokines?
- Stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions, such as cell growth and differentiation
How are CD8 T cells activated?
- Antigen recognition
- costimulation
- Activation and Cell division
How Antigen recognition works?
- CD8 T cell encounters specific antigen bound to class I MHC protein on another cell
What is costimulation
Physical/chemical stimulation of T cell and class I MHC molecule
Prevents T cells from mistakenly attacking normal cells
What is anergy?
Recognition without costimulation leading to prolonged inactivity