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anp 300 course 2 > Heart Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Heart Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle fibres are?

A

Shorter, intercalated discs, more mitochondria, less circular

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2
Q

What are striations on cardiac muscle tissue?

A

alternating bands of light and dark

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3
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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4
Q

What do intercalated discs do?

A

Connect cardiac muscle fibres

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5
Q

What do intercalated discs contain?

A

Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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6
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

provide stability and hold fibres together

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7
Q

What are gap junctions for?

A
    • Tube cell to cell junctions that allow transmission of substances/signals
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8
Q

What is autorhythmicity?

A

Cardiac muscle ability to contract itself

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9
Q

What do autorhythmic fibres do?

A

Generate their own action potentials without nerves

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10
Q

What is the conducting system?

A

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiate a stimulus

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11
Q

What is the order of the Cardiac conduction system?

A
  1. SA node
  2. Internodal pathway
  3. Atrioventricular node
  4. AV bundle and bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibres
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12
Q

What are pacemaker cells?

A

cells that set the rhythm for contraction

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13
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Natural pacemaker tha sets rhythm of heart

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14
Q

How does the SA node set the rhythm of heart?

A

Nerves from ANS and hormones in blood (epinephrine)

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15
Q

What do internodal pathways do?

A

distribute signal through the atria

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16
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

Relays signal from atria to ventricles

Can take over pacemaker ability if SA node fails

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17
Q

What does AV bundle do?

A

Transmit signal from AV node to interventricular septum

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18
Q

What do bundle branches do?

A

Conduct signal to apex then out to ventricular walls

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19
Q

What are purkinje fibres for?

A

Radiate upward through venricular walls

stimulate ventricular myocardium and trigger contraction

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20
Q

What can be placed in body if SA node damaged/diseased?

A

Artificial pacemaker

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21
Q

What are the 3 main stages of cardiac muscle action potential

A
  1. Rapid depolarization
  2. Plateau
  3. Repolarization
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22
Q

What occurs during rapid depolarization?

A

fast sodium channels open
massive na+ influx

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23
Q

What occurs during Plateau phase?

A

Membrane potential stays near 0
Fast Sodium channels close
K channels send into IF
Slow calcium channels open

24
Q

What occurs during repolarization

A

Slow calcium channels close
Slow K channels stay open (potassium out) restoring resting potential

25
Q

What type of energy production does the cardiac muscle contraction rely on?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

26
Q

At rest, what fuels do the cardiac muscle cells use?

A

fatty acids and glucose

27
Q

During exercise what fuels do the cardiac muscle cells use?

A

lactic acid

28
Q

What is the significance of creatine kinase being released from the heart?

A

heart attacks
1st enzyme tested in heart attacks

29
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Recording of electrical currents generated by heart AP’s

30
Q

What occurs during the P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization

31
Q

What occurs during the QRS complex?

ECG

A

Ventricular depolarization
Atrial repolarization

32
Q

What occurs during the T-wave

A

Ventriculcar repolarization

33
Q

What occurs during the P-Q interval?

A

Period from atrial depolarization to start of ventricular depolarization

34
Q

What could a P-Q interval >200msec mean?

A

damage to pathways or AV node

35
Q

What occurs during the Q-T interval

A

start of Ventricular depolarization to end of ventricular repolarization

36
Q

What occurs during S-T segment?

A

end of Ventricular depolarization and repolarization

37
Q

What are cardiac arrythmias?

A

Abnormal cardiac electrical activity

38
Q

What is tachycardia

A

fast heart rate >100

39
Q

what is Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate <60

40
Q

What are Premature atrial contractions?

A

“surprise” atrial contraction
could be to stress, caffiene, drugs

41
Q

What is Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT)

A

Premature contraction triggering flurry of atrial activity

42
Q

What is atrial fibrillation

A

impulses up to 500bmp
Quiver with no organized contraction

43
Q

What are premature ventricular contraction?

A

Ventricular cell depolarizes - premature contraction

44
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia

A

4 or more PVC’s w/o normal beats

45
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

aka cardiac arrest
cannot pump blood

46
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Contraction (systole)
Relaxation (diastole)

47
Q

Describe the sequence of contractions

A
  1. Atria contract together first
  2. Ventricles contract together next
48
Q

Cardiac Cycle:

Phase 1: Cardiac cycle begins

A

All 4 chambers are relaxed

49
Q

Cardiac cycle

Phase 2: What occurs?

A

Atrial systole
fill ventricles

50
Q

Cardiac cycle:

Phase 3: What occurs?

A

Atrial diastole

51
Q

Cardiac cycle

Phase 4: What occurs?

A

Ventricular systole - first phase
Close AV valves

52
Q

Cardiac cycle

Phase 5: What occurs?

A

Ventricular systole second phase
Semilunar valves open blood ejects

53
Q

Cardiac cycle:

Phase 6: what occurs?

A

Ventricular diastole - early (relax)

54
Q

Cardiac cycle

Phase 7: what occurs?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation
All valves closed, blood passively fill atria

55
Q

Cardiac cycle

Phase 8: what occurs

A

Ventricular diastole - late
All chambers relaxed AV valves open

56
Q

What is end systolic volume?

A

Volume of blood in each ventricle at end of systole

anp 300 course 2 (18 decks)

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