Heart failure

Question 1

Classifications of heart failure

Answer 1

Stage A: Not yet impaired LV failure
Stage B: Asymptomatic but with cardiac distortion
Stage C: With current or past symptoms
Stage D: Eligible for advanced treatment

Question 2

This law states that the larger the vessel radius, the larger the wall tension required to withstand a given internal fluid pressure.

Answer 2

Laplace law

Question 3

This law states that the force or tension developed in a muscle fiber depends on the extent to which the fiber is stretched.

Answer 3

Frank-Starling law

Question 4

Is the amount of blood that the heart can pump during 1 minute.

Answer 4

Cardiac output

Question 5

The average value of CO for resting adults is about ___ L/min.

Answer 5

5

Question 6

Is the CO per square meter of body surface area.

Answer 6

Cardiac index

Question 7

The normal average CI for adults is about ___ L/min/m2

Answer 7

3

Question 8

The normal heart, functioning without any excess
nervous stimulation, can pump an amount of venous return up to about 2.5 times the normal
venous return, which is about ___ L/min CO. Nervous stimulation increases HR and
contractility. These two effects can raise the CO up to __ L/min.

Answer 8

13

25

Question 9

Jugular venous distention >___ cm above the sternal angle with the patient recumbent at a 45-degree angle is considered abnormal.

Answer 9

4