Autonomic nervous system

Question 1

Indirect-acting sympthomimetics example (1) depend on norepinephrine release to be effective.

Answer 1

Ephedrine

Question 2

Preganglionic neurons stimulate nicotinic cholinergic

postganglionic neurons by releasing?

Answer 2

Acetylcholine

Question 3

Postganglionic adrenergic neurons synapse at targeted end-organs and release?

Answer 3

Norepinephrine

Question 4

Paravertebral ganglia are found in the (4)?

Answer 4

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Pelvic sympathetic trunks

Question 5

Prevertebral ganglia are named in relation to?

Answer 5

Major branches of the aorta

Question 6

What are the prevertebral ganglia?

Answer 6

1. Celiac
2. Superior & inferior mesenteric
3. Renal

Question 7

4 examples of postganglionic adrenergic receptors

Answer 7

a1, a2, b1, b2

Question 8

Postganglionic (postsynaptic) receptors? (3)

Answer 8

a1, a2, b2

Question 9

Postganglionic (presynaptic)

Answer 9

a2

Question 10

Stimulation of a2 inhibits release of what?

Answer 10

Norepinephrine

Question 11

Both preganglionic and postganglionic PARASYMPATHETIC neurons release?

Answer 11

Acetylcholine

Question 12

These are are hydroxy-substituted phenylethylamines and stimulate adrenergic nerve endings.

Answer 12

Catecholamines

Question 13

Naturally occurring catecholamines (3)

Answer 13

Epi, norepi, dopa

Question 14

Synthetic catecholamines (2)

Answer 14

1) Dobutamine

2) Isoproterenol

Question 15

What process is the most important mechanism and allows reuse of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

Answer 15

Reuptake

Question 16

Is a prototypical selective a1-blocker

Answer 16

Prazosin

Question 17

Examples of nonselective a-blockers

Answer 17

Phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine

Question 18

It is a nonselective b-blocker which also has selective

a1-blocking properties and is a potent antihypertensive

Answer 18

Labetalol

Question 19

Also known as anticholinergics

Answer 19

Muscarinic antagonists

Question 20

How might you tell if a patient has autonomic dysfunction?

Answer 20

If the autonomic nervous system is intact, an increase in
heart rate of 15 beats/min and an increase of 10 mm Hg in DIASTOLIC blood pressure are expected when changing position from supine to sitting.

Autonomic dysfunction is suggested whenever there is a loss of heart rate variability, whatever the circumstances.

Question 21

Preanesthetic management of patients with pheochromocytoma

Answer 21

a-blockade and rehydration

Question 22

Drug used in pheochromocytoma

Answer 22

Phenoxybenzamine

Question 23

Nice to know

Answer 23

b-Blockers are often administered once a-blockade is achieved and should never be given first because
unopposed a1-vasoconstriction results in severe, refractory hypertension.

Question 24

b-blocker of choice in pheochromocytoma

Answer 24

Labetalol

Question 25

Intraoperative hypertension is managed by what drugs (2)?

Answer 25

Phentolamine

Nitroprusside