Heart failure 2.0 Flashcards
What are the most common causes of heart failure in Europe and north america?
Coronary artery disease
Hypertension
valvular disease.
What can heart failure be divided into?
Low output heart failure
High output heart failure
What is a cause of low output heart failure?
Pump failure
What can pump failure be divided into?
diastolic dysfunction
systolic dysfunction
What is diastolic dysfunction?
Impaired ventricular filling during diastole
What is systolic dysfunction?
Impaired myocardial contraction during systole
What are the main causes of systolic dysfunction?
IHD
Dilated cardiomyopathy
MI
Infiltration
What are the main causes of diastolic dysfunction?
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Cardiac tamponade
Constrictive pericarditis
What is high output cardiac failure?
Cardiac output is normal
But there is an increase in peripheral metabolic demands which exceed those that can be met with maximal cardiac output
What are the main causes of high output cardiac failure?
AAPPTT:
Anaemia
Arteriovenous malformation
Paget’s disease
Pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis
Thiamine deficiency (wet Beri-Beri)
What does left sided heart failure result in?
pulmonary congestion and systemic hypoperfusion
Where does pressure build up in left sided heart failure?
behind the left heart- in the lungs
What is systemic hypoperfusion?
Reduced left heart output
What are the symptoms of left sided heart failure? (pulmonary congestion and systemic hypo perfusion)
Shortness of breath on exertion
Orthopnoea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
Nocturnal cough (± pink frothy sputum)
Tachypnoea
Bibasal fine crackles on auscultation of the lungs
What does right sided heart failure result in?
venous congestion and pulmonary hypoperfusion
