Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Clinical syndrome which refers to a state of reduced cardiac output

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2
Q

What is the heart unable to do in someone with heart failure?

A

Unable to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body

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3
Q

What are the two forms of heart failure?

A

Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
Preserved left ventricular ejection fraction

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4
Q

How is ventricular ejection fraction measured?

A

Echocardiogram

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5
Q

How is reduced LVEF defined?

A

< 35 to 40%

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6
Q

What do people with reduced LVEF usually have?

A

systolic dysfunction

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7
Q

What is systolic dysfunction?

A

Impaired left ventricular contraction during systole

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8
Q

Which conditions cause systolic dysfunction?

A
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Myocarditis
  • Arrhythmias
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9
Q

What do people with preserved LVEF usually have?

A

diastolic dysfunction

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10
Q

What is diastolic dysfunction?

A

Impaired ventricular filling during diastole
Impaired ventricular relaxation

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11
Q

Which conditions cause diastolic dysfunction?

A
  • Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • Cardiac tamponade
  • Constrictive pericarditis
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12
Q

What is acute cardiac failure?

A

An acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure

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13
Q

What are the most urgent symptoms due to?

A

Ventricular failure

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14
Q

What does ventricular failure usually result in?

A

Pulmonary oedema

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15
Q

What does left ventricular failure usually lead to?

A

Pulmonary oedema

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16
Q

What symptoms does pulmonary oedema cause?

A
  • dyspnoea
  • orthopnoea
  • paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
  • bibasal fine crackles
17
Q

What does right ventricular failure usually result in?

A
  • peripheral oedema- ankle/sacral oedema
  • raised jugular venous pressure
  • hepatomegaly
  • weight gain due to fluid retention
  • anorexia (‘cardiac cachexia’)
18
Q

What type of situation is acute heart failure?

A

Life-threatening emergency.

19
Q

What is acute heart failure?

A

Sudden onset or worsening of the symptoms of heart failure.

20
Q

How can acute heart failure present?

A

With or without a background history of pre-existing heart failure.

21
Q

What is acute heart failure presenting without a past history of heart failure called?

A

De-novo AHF.

22
Q

What is acute heart failure presenting with a past history of heart failure called?

A

Decompensated AHF

23
Q

What is De Novo AHF due to?

A

Ischaemia.

24
Q

How does ischaemia result in de novo AHF?

A

It causes reduced cardiac output and therefore hypoperfusion
—Pulmonary oedema

25
What are the most common precipitating causes of acute cardiac failure?
* Acute coronary syndrome * Hypertensive crisis * Acute arrhythmia * Valvular disease
26
How are patients with heart failure broadly categorised?
* With or without hypoperfusion * With or without fluid congestion
27
What are the main symptoms of heart failure?
* Breathlessness * Reduced exercise tolerance * Oedema * Fatigue
28
What are the main signs of heart failure?
* Cyanosis * Tachycardia * Elevated JVP * Displaced apex beat * bibasal crackles * S3-heart sound
29
What heart sounds may present in someone presenting with heart failure?
S3 heart sound Displaced apex beat
30
What does impaired left ventricular functioning cause?
Causes build up of blood in the left atrium This results in blood backing into the pulmonary vessels--> pulmonary oedema