Heart As A Pump Part 2

Question 1

Blood volume in each ventricle at the end of diastole?

Answer 1

End-diastolic volume

Question 2

The remaining blood volume at the end of systole?

Answer 2

End-systolic volume

Question 3

The volume of blood ejected from one ventricle in one beat?

Answer 3

Stroke volume

Question 4

What is the % of ejection fraction for resting dogs?

Answer 4

50-65%

Question 5

The total volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in 1 minute?

Answer 5

Cardiac output

Question 6

In a resting dog __-___ % of ventricular filling occurs before atrial systole: ventricles in a resting animal can pump a nearly normal stroke volume even during atrial fibrillation

Answer 6

80-90

Question 7

During exercise, atrial fibrillation typically exhibit _______ _______

Answer 7

Exercise intolerance

Question 8

Atrial systole is important under ______ stenosis

Answer 8

Mitral

Question 9

___________ in end-diastolic ventricular volume causes increases in stroke volume

Answer 9

Increases

Question 10

_________ ventricular filling during diastole places the ventricular muscle fibers in a more favorable geometry for the ejection of blood during the next systole

Answer 10

Greater

Question 11

Stretching the ventricular muscle fibers during diastole causes a greater amount of ________ to be released from SR during subsequent systolic contraction, and this enhances force of contraction

Answer 11

Calcium

Question 12

Increases or decreases in the _________ end-diastolic volume result in approx proportional increases or decreases in stoke volume

Answer 12

Ventricular

Question 13

Increases in ventricular _____ bring about increases in end-diastolic ventricular volume and stroke volume

Answer 13

Preload

Question 14

What is the ventricular pressure at the end of diastole?

Answer 14

Preload

Question 15

In normal heart, ventricular pressure is essentially _____ to atrial pressure during ventricular filling

Answer 15

Equal

Question 16

What is the pressure in the cranial vena cava?

Answer 16

Central venous pressure

Question 17

The central venous pressure is __________ to the right ventricular preload

Answer 17

Equivalent

Question 18

What is the name of the catheter that is placed into a peripheral vein and advanced into the cranial vena casa or right atrium?

Answer 18

Central venous catheter

Question 19

What is the observation that changes in preload cause corresponding changes in end-diastolic ventricular volume and stroke volume?

Answer 19

Starlings law of the heart

Question 20

What is the measure of the ease with which the ventricular walls stretch to accommodate incoming blood during diastole?

Answer 20

Compliance

Question 21

A compliant ventricle is one that yields easily to _____ pressure and readily fills with blood during diastole

Answer 21

Preload

Question 22

Compliance = change in _______ divided by change in ________

Answer 22

Volume
Pressure

Question 23

Small changes in preload result in ____________ changes in end-diastolic ventricular volume

Answer 23

Substantial

Question 24

An elevated preload necessitates elevated atrial and venous pressure, which can cause ________ to develop in tissues “upstream” from the stiff ventricle

Answer 24

Edema

Question 25

The length of time available for ventricular _____ during diastole affects ventricular end-diastolic volume

Answer 25

Filling

Question 26

What is the main determinant of diastolic filling time?

Answer 26

Heart rate

Question 27

Heart rate _______ could limit ventricular filling and dramatically reduce stroke volume, however ___________ nervous system will compensate this influence

Answer 27

Increases
Sympathetic

Question 28

____________ in ventricular contractility increases heart stroke volume

Answer 28

Augmentation

Question 29

Contractility referred to the __________ ability of a ventricle

Answer 29

Pumping

Question 30

Sympathetic nerve activity increases ventricular contractility through the action of the neurotransmitter, __________, which activated beta-adrenergic receptors on ventricular muscle cells

Answer 30

Norepinephrine

Question 31

What 2 neurotransmitters released from the adrenal medullar and circulating in the blood can likewise activate beta-adrenergic receptors and increase contractility?

Answer 31

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 32

Cardiac glycosides: increase cytosolic Ca++ concentration during an action potential and _______ cardiac ventricular contractility

Answer 32

Increase

Question 33

Beta-Adrenergic antagonists such as calcium channel blocking dugs
Barbiturates, opioids, and general anesthetics
_________ ventricular contractility

Answer 33

Decrease

Question 34

Decreased cardiac contractility is the hallmark of the clinic condition called ____________ failure

Answer 34

Myocardial

Question 35

Substantial increase in arterial blood pressure impairs ____________ ejection because the left ventricular pressure during systole must exceed aortic pressure before ejection of blood from the ventricle can occur

Answer 35

Ventricular

Question 36

What is the pressure that a ventricle must generate in order to eject blood?

Answer 36

Cardiac after-load

Question 37

The higher the after-load, the more ________ it is for the ventricle to eject blood

Answer 37

Difficult

Question 38

Increasing heart rate does ____ increase cardiac output substantially unless stroke volume is maintained

Answer 38

Not