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Anatomy > Heart and lungs > Flashcards

Heart and lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Lies between right and left pleura of lungs

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

outermost layer of heart

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3
Q

Myocardium

A

facilitates pumping action; contractile elements

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4
Q

Myocardial cells

A

automaticity, rhythmicity, conductivity

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5
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

delivers blood from heart to lungs & back to heart

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6
Q

Peripheral circulation

A

delivers blood from heart to body & back to heart

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7
Q

Arteries

A

large vessels that carry blood away from heart

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8
Q

Arterioles

A

small, branch arteries

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9
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest vessels; site of gas & nutrient exchange

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10
Q

Veins

A

vessels that carry blood toward heart

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11
Q

Venules

A

small veins that carry blood toward heart

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12
Q

Venous blood

A

blood returning to heart

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13
Q

Arterial blood

A

blood leaving heart and going to body or lungs

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14
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

right side

atrioventricular

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15
Q

Bicuspid/ mitral

A

left

atrioventricular

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16
Q

Pericardium

A

tough, membranous sac that encases heart

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17
Q

Systole

A

contraction phase; blood is pumped out of chamber

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18
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation phase; blood fills chamber

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19
Q

Autorhythmaticity

A

ability to initiate impulse for contraction at regular intervals

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20
Q

SA node

A

pacemaker of cardiac contraction

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21
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

delays impulse by 1/10 of second, allowing atria to contract before ventricles

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22
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

rapidly spreads impulse to contract throughout ventricles

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23
Q

Parasympathetic (crainosacral)nerve fibers:

A

decrease heart rate

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24
Q

Sympathetic (throcolumbar) nerve fibers

A

increase heart rate

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25
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow resting heart rate; often training-induced

26
Q

Tachycardia

A

increase resting heart rate

27
Q

Cardiac outut

A

stoke volume x heart rate

28
Q

Syncytial contraction:

A

fibers contract simultaneously

29
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped per contraction of ventricles

30
Q

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

blood in ventricles at end of diastole

31
Q

End-systolic volume (ESV):

A

blood in ventricles at end of systole

32
Q

Ejection fraction (EF)

A

ratio of available blood to pumped blood

33
Q

Sternum

A

Flat bone consisting of manubrium, body, xiphoid

34
Q

Angle of Louis

A

The sternal angle– level of bifurcation of trachea into right and left main stem bronchi

35
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx

36
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A 
Tacheobronchial Tree – conducting airways
Trachea
Main stem/lobar bronchi
Segmental/subsegmental bronchi
Terminal respiratory (Acinar) units
37
Q

Innervation of the lungs:

A

Receives afferent and efferent fibers from the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the sympathetic trunk and cardiac plexus.

38
Q

Functions of respiratory system:

A 
conducts air into and out of lungs
exchange of gas between air and blood
humidifies air
warms air
filters air
39
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Saclike structures surrounded by capillaries in lungs

Attached to respiratory bronchioles

40
Q

Function of alveoli?

A

Site of exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide

41
Q

Number of alveoli in lungs?

A

300 million

42
Q

What membranes aid in diffusion?

A

Membrane of alveolar cells

Membrane of cells of capillary wall

43
Q

Visceral (pulmonary) pleura

A

outer surface of lungs

44
Q

Parietal pleura

A

inner surface of thoracic cavity & diaphragm

45
Q

Pleural fluid

A

lubricating fluid between 2 membranes

46
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity between 2 membranes; less than atmospheric pressure

47
Q

Pleural Sac

A

Double-layered membrane that encases each lung

48
Q

Increase in volume of intrathoracic cavity:

A

Increases lung volume
Decreases intrapulmonic pressure
Causes air to rush into lungs (inspiration)

49
Q

Decrease in volume of intrathoracic cavity

A

Decreases lung volume
Increases intrapulmonic pressure
Causes air to rush out of lungs (expiration)

50
Q

What must inspiratory muscles do?

A

increase intrathoracic cavity volume

51
Q

Function of diaphragm:

A

Flattens as it contracts
Puts in motion pressure changes that cause inspiration
Contraction moves abdominal contents forward & downward

52
Q

Muscles that elevate ribs:

A

external intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

53
Q

Expiration:

A

No muscular effort needed at rest

Passive recoil of diaphragm & other muscles decreases intrathoracic cavity volume

54
Q

During exercise or voluntary forced expiration:

A

accessory muscles of expiration contract, pulling ribs downward:
Internal intercostals
Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique muscles of abdominal wall

55
Q

Formula for airflow

A

P1-P2/resistance

P1-P2 pressure difference between 2 areas

56
Q

How can airflow be increases”

A

Amplifying pressure difference between 2 areas

Decreasing resistance to airflow

57
Q

What is biggest factor affecting airflow at rest?

A

diameter of airway

58
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air moved per breath

59
Q

How is tidal volume calculated?

A

VE=Vt x f
VE is volume of air expired per minute
VT is tidal volume
f is breathing frequency per minute

60
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

anatomical dead space + alveolar ventilation

61
Q

Residual volume:

A

air left in lungs after max. exhalation

Anatomy (16 decks)

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